Groundwater lab report Essay Example

Groundwater lab report Paper Although you are only required to respond to the questions in this worksheet, you are strongly encouraged to answer the other questions from the text on your own; doing so will make answering the required questions easier. Questions are from Conscience Laboratory, 5th De. (up. 213-226), by T. Freeman, 2009, New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Reprinted with permission. Lab Questions 12. 2 (A) How many cubic kilometers of water reside within groundwater? The answer is 8. 4 million cubic kilometers of ground water. 12. 2 (B) How many more times abundant is groundwater than water on land? The answer is 0. 2 times more than that is abundant on land. 8. 4: 0. 2 8. 4/0. 2 = 42 Ground water is xx more abundant 2. 5 So what do you suppose happened when over-pumping of the saturated zone was stopped by that other California state agency? Levels would begin to rise up to a point where the aquifer shell was not damaged from drying out. 12. 6 Can you imagine what happened when the water table rose? Hint: Asphalt and concrete are only so strong. As water levels rise so would the settle landscape above causing the asphalt and concrete to shift and crack from ground pressure. 2. 7 If, for the model in Figure 12. 11, Hal were 506 Ft, h2o were 497 Ft, and I were 50 Ft, what would be the hydraulic gradient (in percent) between well #1 and well #2? Answer: 6 % (506 497)/1 50 = 0. 06 * 100 = 6 % 12. 11 If contaminants were to find their way into groundwater at Acme Industries, in which well would those contaminants be more likely to appear the well at the Smith farmhouse, or the well at the Jones farmhouse? The answer is the second one: Jones farmhouse 12. 18 Which of the six wells in Figure 12. 25 in Chi. 12 should be flowing artesian wells? We will write a custom essay sample on Groundwater lab report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Groundwater lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Groundwater lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The answer is the fourth, fifth and the sixth well-portions where there is a lower ground elevation. 12. 9 In Figures 12. AAA and B, two depressions are occupied by water, whereas others are dry. (A) Explain this presence and absence of ponds in these two figures. In figure A, the pond was prevented into diminishing due to the saturated area brought about by the resistant clay in the first pond in figure B, in the other hand, the first opening is a non-resistant type of land and the second opening is a resistant material that can hold water. (B) If the two ponds were perennial (i. . , year-round) ponds, because of intersecting the water table, how would the presence or absence of water in he other depressions differ from that which is shown? Springs are formed either from a destroyed steam, sinkholes, or valleys. Caves are also formed from saturated area of land where a land will sprout and will construct as caves. 12. 20 Judging from what you learned from information in Figure 12. A AA in Chi. 12, how might one seal a leaking stock pond? Hint: Were talking three steps here, with steps #1 and #2 being the draining and restoring of pond water. The first thing that you should do is to drain the water in the pond, then put resistant clay o the bottom of the hole. Once done, you can fill back with water. 12. 21 Examine Figure 12. 22. At a glance, several ponds might be mistaken for stock ponds. However, there is evidence indicating that the large pond at coordinates P-5 is surely a sinkhole. What is that evidence? Hint: The evidence appears in the relationship between the pond and a man-made feature. The answer is that the rock bridge will hold the land and will not permit water to be drained 12. 5 Do water levels in these three lakes (as well as others) appear to be overfed by the vagaries of spotty rainfall and random surface drainage, or do they appear to mark systematic elevations on a water table? Hint: Notice the elevations of the bottoms of dry sinkholes relative to the water levels in ponds. The answer is elevation of water table. Lab Summary Address the following in a 100- to 200-word summary: Summarize the general p rinciples and purpose of the lab. Explain how this lab helped you better understand the topics and concepts addressed this week. Describe what you found challenging about this lab. Describe what you found interesting about this lab. Write your summary here: This lab experiment is provided in order to comprehend the water system in the planet. Even it be a pond, a hole or a lake, one can never really understand the reason why the water ended up there. I also share this same difficulty. But with the aid of this laboratory experiment, I can now comprehend why the water ended in there. Also understand something unless you see it with your own eyes. I realized that there are various materials and information that are interesting to study and to know in these bodies of water.

Rousseaus Thoughts on Women and Education

Rousseau's Thoughts on Women and Education Jean-Jacques Rousseau is considered one of the key Enlightenment philosophers, and his writings reveal that he was concerned with â€Å"equality among men,† but he certainly did not make womens equality his focus. Having lived from 1712 to 1778, Rousseau was a major influence on the intellectual thinking of the 18th century. He inspired the political activism that led to the French Revolution and influenced Kant’s view of ethics, rooting them in human nature. His 1762 treatise Emile, or on Education and his book The Social Contract influenced philosophies about education and politics, respectively. Rousseaus main argument has been summarized as â€Å"man is good but has been corrupted by social institutions.† He also wrote that â€Å"nature has created man happy and good, but society depraves him and makes him miserable. The experiences of women, however, did not inspire this degree of contemplation from Rousseau, who essentially deemed them the weaker sex, content to be dependent upon men. Rousseaus Contradictory Views on Women While Rousseau is often praised for his views on human equality, the reality is that he did not believe women deserved equality. According to Rousseau, women needed to rely on men for their wellbeing because they were less rational than men. He argued that men might have desired women but did not need them to survive, while women both desired men and needed them. In Emile, he writes about the difference between what he believes women and men need in education. Since the main purpose in life, to Rousseau, is for a woman to be a wife and mother, she doesnt need to be educated to the extent that men traditionally have. He argues: â€Å"Once it is demonstrated that man and woman are not, and should not be constituted the same, either in character or in temperament, it follows that they should not have the same education. In following the directions of nature they must act together but they should not do the same things; their duties have a common end, but the duties themselves are different and consequently also the tastes that direct them. After having tried to form the natural man, let us also see, in order not to leave our work incomplete, how the woman is to be formed who suits this man.† Some critics view Emile as evidence that Rousseau thought woman should be subservient to man, while others contended that he was writing ironically. Some have also pointed out the fundamental contradiction in Emile about women and education. In this work, Rousseau suggests that women are responsible for educating the young while arguing that they are incapable of reason. â€Å"The whole education of women ought to be relative to men. To please them, to be useful to them, to make themselves loved and honored by them, to educate them when young... How can women educate anyone, even young children, if they themselves lack reasoning skills? Rousseaus views about women arguably grew more complex with age. In Confessions, which he wrote later in life, he credits several women with helping him gain entrance into the intellectual circles of society. Clearly, smart women had played a role in his own development as a scholar. Mary Wollstonecrafts Case Against Rousseau Mary Wollstonecraft addresses some of the points Rousseau made about women in Vindication of the Rights of Woman and other writings in which she asserts that women are logical and can benefit from education. She questions whether a woman’s purpose is only the pleasure of men. She also directly addresses Rousseau when she writes with great irony of his affection for an uneducated and ignorant servant girl. â€Å"Who ever drew a more exalted female character than Rousseau? Though in the lump he constantly endeavoured to degrade the sex. And why was he thus anxious? Truly to justify to himself the affection which weakness and virtue had made him cherish for that fool Theresa. He could not raise her to the common level of her sex; and therefore he labored to bring woman down to hers. He found her a convenient humble companion, and pride made him determine to find some superiour virtues in the being whom he chose to live with; but did not her conduct during his life, and after his death, clearly show how grossly he was mistaken who called her a celestial innocent.† The Difference Between Men and Women Rousseaus views on women invited criticism, but the scholar himself acknowledged that he had no solid foundation for his arguments about the differences between the sexes. He wasnt sure what biological differences made women and men distinct, calling them one of degree. But these differences, he believed, were enough to suggest that men should be strong and active, and women should be weak and passive. He wrote: If woman is made to please and to be subjugated to man, she ought to make herself pleasing to him rather than to provoke him; her particular strength lies in her charms; by their means she should compel him to discover his own strength and put it to use. The surest art of arousing this strength is to render it necessary by resistance. Thus pride reinforces desire and each triumphs in the others victory. From this originates attack and defense, the boldness of one sex and the timidity of the other and finally the modesty and shame with which nature has armed the weak for the conquest of the strong. The Link Between Opportunity and Female Heroism Before Emile, Rousseau listed the numerous woman heroes whod impacted society. He discusses Zenobia, Dido, Lucretia, Joan of Arc, Cornelia, Arria, Artemisia, Fulvia, Elisabeth, and the Countess of Thà ¶kà ¶ly. The contributions of heroines should not be overlooked. If women had had as great a share as we do in the handling of business, and in the governments of Empires, perhaps they would have pushed Heroism and greatness of courage farther and would have distinguished themselves in greater number. Few of those who have had the good fortune to rule states and command armies have remained in mediocrity; they have almost all distinguished themselves by some brilliant point by which they have deserved our admiration for them†¦. I repeat it, all proportions maintained, women would have been able to give greater examples of greatness of soul and love of virtue and in greater number than men have ever done if our injustice had not despoiled, along with their freedom, all the occasions manifest them to the eyes of the world. Here, Rousseau makes it plain that if given the opportunity to shape society as men had, women could very well change the world. Whatever biological differences between men and women existed, the so-called weaker sex had shown repeatedly that they were capable of greatness.

International Politics- political science 7 Essay

International Politics- political science 7 - Essay Example As more states continue to subscribe to democratic tendencies, I think a general decline in the incidence of war should be expected. There will be more peaceful relations and fewer problems that instigate conditions that culminate into war. If more states could adopt democratic principles, there will certainly be more peace and fewer issues at a global level. Personally, I find Mr. Bushs argument to be not only convincing, but also slightly inexperienced. I completely concur that having more democracies in the world lowers the probability of war, as has been proven throughout history. Nearly every major war so far has been instigated by parties that are administered using conflicting governments and ideas. Of all these countries, hardly any of them have ever been between two democracies. Nonetheless, I do not think that at any point in the near future will there be a shift within the developed countries governments towards democracy. For example, North Korea adopted a governance structure that completely opposes the West in as far as democracy is concerned. If North Korea would somehow adopt a democratic approach, it would serve to alter the power positions that both countries hold. However, these and other factors stand in the gap of adopting democracy at a global level (Leffler, Melvyn, and Jeffrey

Trans Fat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trans Fat - Essay Example It is helpful in creating, firmness, texture, and longer shelf life for many products. Many companies and restaurants in western countries have started using palm oil and coconut oil instead of hydrogenated oils. But in reality, they are only slightly healthier than trans fat. Coconut and palm oils are rich in saturated fat which increases the chances of heart diseases and raises the level of cholesterol in the blood. Former president of the American Heart Association, Robert Eckel, says â€Å"getting rid of trans fat is important because strong evidence indicates that they contribute to higher levels of harmful cholesterol and heart diseases. But the idea that this is the most harmful type of fat is a matter of debate.† (Nanci Hellmich, USA Today). Regarding the readership of this article, it may be written for all those who have some knowledge about the unhealthy diet with a special focus on those who suffer from cardiovascular diseases. People who suffer from obesity, heart diseases and those who exercise some control over diet are, obviously, interested in it. As regards the third question, what kind of appeals would be most appropriate, it can safely be said that by explaining the issue through logic would be most suitable because the targeted groups are adults who are not likely to move by emotions. After taking a stance on trans fats and diet, it is always better to prove the points through well argued views. It might create an impression in the minds of the reader that the author is honest, sincere, confident and. above all, well informed. The reader might also believe that the author understands his concerns and has answered all of them. The next question to be answered is what would be the most appropriate style to wr ite a persuasive article. Generally, there are several styles such as formal, academic, legal and middle styles to write an article. Middle style which uses images and illustrations well-known to the readers are the

Social Performance of National Football League(NFL) Research Paper

Social Performance of National Football League(NFL) - Research Paper Example Finally, in the end, a single elimination game is organized between the group winners of AFC and NFC. This culmination of the two group champions is known as the Super Bowl. The ultimate winner from the Super Bowl is awarded the Vince Lombardi Trophy. Other awards and accolades are given to the coaches and individual players for their exceptional performance that help a team to win. Most of the games are scheduled on the Sunday afternoons to attract more viewers. During the normal season, some games are planned on other week days like Thursdays and Mondays. The corporate structure of NFL is interesting to study. The league office of NFL is not constrained by income tax, as this unincorporated association earns no profit. However, the individual teams are subject to income tax because individually the teams generate profit. So NFL is like a trade association that is financed by its member teams. The league is mainly operated by the commissioner, treasurer and secretary. The conference s are headed by the president. An election is conducted to elect the commissioner and the president (August, n.d.). The prevailing weather condition is one of the key factors that affect the league externally. Sometimes the temperature can go below the normal expected temperature. This may negatively affect the league. Matches may get cancelled due to bad weather conditions, as in an extremely chilly weather it becomes difficult for the players to perform. It is also imperative to enhance the game experience for the fans. Initiatives should be taken by the league committee to conduct the games in indoor stadiums in case of adverse weather conditions. There has to be uniformity in the games so that unfair advantage is not given to any of the teams i.e. indoor facilities should be ensured for every match and not for particular matches as the external environment is vital for the team’s performance. Bad weather

Develop A Knowledge Management Strategy For Nestle Information Technology Essay

Develop A Knowledge Management Strategy For Nestle Information Technology Essay The purpose of this report is to develop a knowledge management strategy for Nestle. Secondary sources of information such as internet, journals and articles were used to find the knowledge gap in the company. The current knowledge management strategy being used has been mentioned, and what the company wants to achieve has also been specifies in the report. The company has several areas that have been criticized due to lack of knowledge transfer in the company and these areas have been identified and recommendations are provided in the report. Background Nestle is known as nutrition, health and wellness company, it is one of the largest food and beverage company in the world and has dominated the food industry since almost 150 years. The Nestle Company was founded in Vevey, Switzerland in the year 1866 by Henri Nestle with the Main aim of producing high quality milk food for babies and is today the worlds leading food and beverage company. The Nestle Company had aimed to build a business as the worlds leading nutrition, health and wellness based on human values and principles. This goal was achieved through various well known brands that come under Nestle. The company has grown significantly and has achieved quite a respect and trust by its consumers in the market. The companys products are growing through innovation while maintaining a balance between geographic activities and product lines. The company prioritizes in producing and distributing the best products to its customers. Objectives The company has certain objectives to the following Business Principles: One of the objectives of Nestle is to make better food for their customers. There is a very clear relationship between the objectives and the company logo. As the company strives to provide there consumers with food that would be safe, of high quality and has optimal nutrition. Nestles corporate objective is to be the worlds largest and best branded food manufacturer, whilst ensuring that the Nestle name is synonymous with products of the highest quality (Nestle Corporate Objective, 2009). It shows that Nestle has already achieved a part of objective that is to be the largest food production company. This objective is related to another objective of Nestle which is the company wants to make sure that the product creates value that can be sustained over the long term for shareholders, employees, consumers, business partners and the national economies in which Nestle operates. Nestle main objective is to follow and respect all applicable local laws in each of its markets. The company aims to be as decentralized as possible within the framework imposed. Nestles objective is to maintain the team work and the levels of organizational culture where networking and communication shall be encouraged. Structure Nestle has over 500 factories in 76 countries, and sells its products in 193 nations. The company employs around 280 000 people and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world. The following is Nestles organizational chart, as of January 2010. This is organizational chart at the Executive Level. Nestle Organization Structure 2010 Nestle Corporation 2010 ©,General Organizational Chart January 2010 Methodology The method of knowledge management approach is Zacks approach proposed by Michael Zack in which he suggests that the framework which helps an organisation make an explicit connection between its competitive situation and a knowledge management strategy to help the organisation maintain or (re-)establish its competitive advantage. (Zack, 1999) This would help to find the link between knowledge and strategy. In this approach, analysis is done with the help of SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) that helps identifying the gaps in an organizations knowledge. This would help the organization to find out where the knowledge which can be used and where can it be used to improve its competitive position. This is achieved by analysing the organisations knowledge position along two dimensions: Exploration vs. Exploitation It refers to the area where the organization needs to improve and develop its knowledge in vs. the opportunity it may have to use the unused knowledge unexploited resources. Internal vs. External Knowledge This refers to if the knowledge is within the organization or outside. Some organisations are more externally-oriented, drawing on publications, universities, consultants, customers, etc. Others are more internally-oriented, building up unique knowledge and experience which is difficult for competitors to imitate. The information collected for the research was done with the help of an employee at Nestle Middle East (UAE) as well as literature review based on secondary resources that were found on the internet, journals, case studies and articles. SWOT Analysis Gap Analysis Strategic Gap Lack of direction in Marketing strategy (Overdiversification)of General Mill (a Nestle based product) which was aggressively marketed by the Nestle group in almost all the sectors. Over diversion led to unclear organizational mission and poor financial result. Prioritize markets and determine competition focus. For instance, the introduction product LC-1(pro biotic yogurt) in the market where pro biotic food was already popular and the consumers knew the health benefits of it such as European countries like Germany and France. Instead the product was introduced in Latin America where there was no much knowledge amongst public. Another issue was the product was introduced as a individual scientific product, which should have been introduced through Nestles Dairy. To develop attack over competitors weaknesses. It is always beneficial to launch a product as first or second movers where Nestle made many mistakes. In case of releasing products, it should make quick move and enter the market as quickly as possible to gain the market share. For example when Nestle released its cereals much later after Kellogs was already ruling the market. Deception and Foreknowledge:Nestles first step should be to educate its consumers about the product to be introduced and its benefits before launching. The education campaign should be backed by scientific support and with example of success from the market situation. To focus on the Right market: The company focuses on it big market such as Americas and European country, whereas it should have a wider focus on emerging markets in Asian countries such as China, Russia and India as they were closed to foreign market in the past because of their political systems. Knowledge Gaps The objective of food being safe is not very clear to management. There were certain failures with regards to the safety of the food products such as the Food contamination of Pet food in 2007 and Tolls Cookie dough food contamination case that took place in 2009. This led to recalling of products from the market Nestle has been alleged of breaking the local law, in case of cutting down of rain forest. This shows lack of External knowledge in the company. The organization has different levels of management and follows a formal culture. Hence there is not much communication between the levels which leads to lack of knowledge sharing within the departments of the company. For instance A few years ago Nestle UK realized the gap of knowledge was the teams of lean experts, there was often a limited lean knowledge base that retained their knowledge within factory management levels. While other managers, such as those in accountancy and engineering, came with a specialist body of knowledge about the fundamentals of their discipline that was gained from their initial professional education and on-going development, the operations and manufacturing managers often did not have the same â€Å"focused† training structure. As a result, many had just not had the opportunity to develop a detailed grounding in modern manufacturing tools, techniques and practices. The company has not been able to achieve its goal with of being a completely decentralized organization where delegating decisions and giving authorities to lower levels are considered. People People are the most important assets in a company. Members at all levels of the organization are concerned to add value to the organization. The company has a Hierarchical culture, where there are a few levels of management but has broad spans of control and is rule based and formal. Hence, communication and cooperation is restricted to the respective level to which the employee belongs to. Process -In an large organization like Nestle, a process is a chain of actions taken before presenting something to customer. It first starts at the Nestle Headquarters in Switzerland, which plays an important role in development of new food product. Experts are invited from all over the world to perform the following steps based on their knowledge: Develop products that are reliable and profitable Develop and process the business model that will support the new product to avoid minimum commercial risk. Researching and analyzing consumer preferences and trends. Launch the product (in a single region at first) and aggressive marketing to build a customer demand. The further process: First, the review of the product from the market is studied. After ensuring that the product is doing well in the market, the brand definition and further development begins. Finally comprehensive market research is carried out for making the final changes with the product Technology Technologies that are currently used by Nestle are the ERP ( Enterprise Resource Planning), it is a computer based system that is used to manage internal and external resources which includes tangible assets, financial resources, materials and human resources. The main purpose of the software is to help the flow of information between all business functions within the organization and also manage connections outside stake holders. Businesses use a large number of softwares and processes and introducing an ERP system which is usually complicated impose some serious changes in the staff work. SAP is the kind of ERP system Nestle uses. In fact, Nestle uses five modules of SAP namely, purchasing, financials, sales and distribution, accounts payable and accounts receivable. SAP systems are used for accessing, distributing and sorting the information. Manugistics Supply Chain system is currently used by Nestle for automating its supply chain operations. Intranet is widely used technology by almost all the organizations in the world. Sharing information amongst different departments is easier with the help of intranet. It is used in Nestle for delivering tools and applications, e.g. collaboration (to facilitate working on groups or teleconferencing) Or corporate directories, sales and CRM tools, project management etc. to improve the productivity. CRM (Customer Relationship Management) Nestle Food service have adopted CRM. It is a tool that is designed to help the customers to get closer to them WANT People: While maintaining the formal culture of the organization networking and communication shoul be encouraged. The organizations structure should be assuring operational speed along with personal responsibilities with higher focus on results. Communication amongst different levels of the organization should be encouraged. Clear levels of responsibility and well defined objectives are a must to know by the companys employees. Process: After the development process, research on the product should be done not only by preference and trends but also by using the previous knowledge and comparing the previous trends and preferences used in the target market. Apart from this, before developing the product the nutritional value should be considered well, as the society today getting more health conscious. The marketing for the product should be prioritized rather than aggressive marketing in areas the product would not be used. Technology: The company is using Manugistics Supply chain system which is limited to work on the Java framework. The technology should be replaced by SAPs supply chain module, APO (Advance Planner and Optimizer). Since the company uses SAPs other modules it would be easier for Nestle to streamline and accelerate the entire development process at the same time support boosting productivity. Recommendations People: Training should be provided to the staff as a new technology is introduced by Nestles learning and sharing program. A program called manufacturing improvement techniques program (MITP) provided by Smallpeice Enterprises should be introduced to train the managers. This kind of program basically consists of softer management issues of change, how to handle resistance to change, planning and running projects, leadership, and team building and communication skills. This would help Nestle becoming a learning organization and would provide its staff the confidence to deal with the changes in technology taking place. The course would also help improve the culture of the company, teamwork and high performance by the staff. Moreover, companies who have trained there staff with MITP course has seen significant and a wide development in the Knowledge sector of their respective companies such as IBM. Open communication and active cooperation must be encouraged where everyone in the department at any level would get a chance to contribute their suggestions and views to improve and enhance the company also result in personal development. Along with this it would lead to knowledge transfer. Enforce regular sharing views via blogs for the employees to stay connected and give their opinions about the technology introduced. Solutions and experiences based on the problems or changes in the organization posted on the intranets for the employees to view at any time they want in need. Process As the product development process starts in the organization, previous tacit and explicit knowledge should be used. As well as, external knowledge shall be well processed before the development of the product. Research should be carried out about the customer demands, also the region where the product is to be launched; their cultural value should also be studied. It is necessary to understand the target market before developing the product. The nutritional value of the product should also be considered at the time of research, otherwise the product might fail because of its low nutritional value and quality. Several quality checks should be done using Nestles Quality Assurance program to maintain the image of Nestle before the product is brought to the market. Once the product is developed and is ready for distribution in the market, customers must be briefed about the product. Technologies Technologies that should be used for knowledge sharing should be Data repositeries A database warehouse is one large Data Repository of all business related information including all historical data of the business organization implementing the data warehouse. Data warehousing is a complex process of building a data repository in the form of a relational database so that the company can support web or text mining in order to leverage data and transform or aggregate them into useful information. In all cases, organizations use data warehousing to gain a competitive advantage, support for decision making processes through comprehensive data analysis. Some of the key components of data warehousing are Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Data Mining (DM). A content management system(CMS) is a collection of procedures used to manage work flow in a collaborative environment. These procedures can be manual or computer-based. The procedures are designed to: Allow for a large number of people to contribute to and share stored data Control access to data, based on user roles. User roles define what information each user can view or edit Aid in easy storage and retrieval of data Reduce repetitive duplicate input Improve the ease of report writing Improve communication between users

Always Hope :: College Admissions Essays

Always Hope Without hope, we have nothing. I have learned this valuable lesson in dealing with my Mother and Cancer. My Mother passed over on June 4th of this year. Barely three months ago, and yet I still can't believe she is gone. Mom was given two weeks to live after finding out that she had Breast Cancer that had gone too far and was throughout her body. It is a miracle that she lived for 28 months and we thank God for each day. Mom faced death with courage, strength and never gave up hope for a miracle. Her Dr's were amazed each time they saw her, which was on a monthly basis. You couldn't look at her and see a thing wrong with her. She looked strong and robust, outgoing and if she didn't like something she would let you know. But she always had faith that when her time came she would go to meet her Maker and be reunited with her parents and members of the family that had already passed over. Mom had dreams throughout those 28 months of seeing my Grandmother. Speaking with her, in her dream s. And one thing that Nana always told her was to never give up her faith and hope. That without hope we have nothing. I believe that Nana was preparing her for her return to the Lord and to Nana. As I stated before, Mom passed over in June. It was the hardest time in my life. But the decisions that I made, where made in the hope that I was doing the right thing.

Slavery vs Indentureship in the Caribbean

Slavery and Indentureship can be described as two of the most horrible historic happenings to occur. They share numerous differences as well as Similarities, which make us, question whether Indentureship was disguised as a form of slavery or not. Chattel slavery, otherwise known as traditional slavery is a system under which people are treated as property and are forced to work. Slaves could be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation. In some historical situations it has been legal for owners to kill slaves.The conditions in which the slaves resided and worked can be described as horrible. Indentureship, on the other hand, specifically East Indian Indentureship, was the arrival of East Indians from India to the Caribbean to replace African labor under a contract which they open-mindedly agreed to. In theory, as described by some historical references and using the previ ously stated definitions it can be stated that Indian Indentureship in the British Colonized Caribbean between 1845 -1917 was not a form of chattel slavery but the conditions however were reminiscent of the past system of slavery which it succeeded as a means of labour.One of the major aspects which differentiated slavery form Indentureship was the legal ownership of the workers involved. Africans were captured from their native homelands and forcefully enslaved via five ways, as prisoners of war, payment of debt, victims of kidnappings and raids, as gifts given to tribal owners and European slave traders alike and through birth. This meant that the human beings being enslaved for their whole lives were legal properties of the humans and their generations enslaving them, comparative to the ownership of animals.When immigrants landed in a Caribbean colony they came under the control of the local immigration department which was headed by a protector of immigrants called the Agent-Gen eral. In 1837 John Gladstone, father of British Prime Minister & the owner of two plantations in British Guiana, applied to the Secretary Of State for the colonies to import Indian Labourers. In 1838 396 immigrants arrived in British Guiana the great flood on Indian Immigrant Workers begun; it was deemed a success by British Guiana.The Anti-Slavery Society revealed that many of the immigrants were dying quickly, some were e being flogged  and wrongly imprisoned while others were not paid what they were owed, therefore in July 1838 the Indian government suspended all emigration while a Commission of Enquiry, made a thorough investigation of the conditions in British Guiana. Immigration resumed officially in 1844, and lasted until 1917. In 1840s the Planter’s demand for Indian Immigrant Labour was strong, as was the case British Guiana where the government was spending $50 000 per year on Immigrant workers the colony was almost bankrupt in 1848 but a loan of $200 000 from the British government help to keep the scheme alive.But for this demand to be supplied a large amounts of immigrants were needed, Indian Immigrant Labourers were sourced from the poor streets of Bombay, Calcutta & Madras. These cities were also ports of embarkation. After 1848 they were drawn from the provinces of Agra, Oudh & Bihar which suffered from terrible frequent famine. Many of these immigrants were peasant farmers. Immigrant workers saw immigration as a means of starting over to escape from religious tribulation, to end their poverty Indentured laborers were not by law the property of their employer.Between indentured laborer and plantation owner was the existence of an employer-employee relationship. Their children were in no way bonded by the contracts signed between parent and employer. The contracts ran usually from 3-5 years and could be renewed later for 5-10 years. The contracts were voluntarily signed but however the circumstances surrounding the signings were not alw ays truthful. Some Indians were fooled or misled and there was miscommunication because of the different tribal tongues. The contracts signed in some cases were misrepresentations of the true situation in the British colonies.They were misled and received not what they bargained for; this was partly due to their illiteracy. Some Indians may also have been kidnapped form the poorer areas. Both the East Indian Indenturers and the enslaved Africans were shipped from their home lands to various European colonies. They are comparable in that many East Indians were kidnapped and taken against their will just as the enslaved Africans were. Nevertheless, the lengthy journeys these two groups of people embarked on contrasted significantly in terms of treatment and conditions.For instance, East Indian Indenturers had agents that tried to make certain that the ship had ample crew, sufficient medical personnel, sweepers, cooks and also drugs and warm clothing, they ensured that the crew looked after the welfare of the Indentured the immigrants were given 2 square meters with one adult per bunk. Also, planters paid much attention to the medical well-being of the emigrants and supplied accommodation and entertainment to make the extensive voyage more endurable for them.Although at first there were some problems the Immigrants were only allowed 1.5 square meters on deck this was very cramped for a journey wish lasted between 93-113 this led to high death rates for example the Salsette left from Calcutta to Trinidad landed with only 124 passengers 199 had died of Cholera, Dysentery and Sea Sickness. On the other hand, the enslaved Africans were also crammed onto large ships by the hundreds in inhumane conditions which led to a high death rate. The Hannibal was loaded with 200 slaves by the time the shipped had reached American water 320 slaves had died .The women were victim to rape as well, they were given minimal food, left in their own waste and only given little time on d eck to exercise & get some fresh air, because of these poor conditions along the middle passage they were often revolts on board. When immigrants landed in a Caribbean colony they came under control of the local immigration department . It was headed by a protector of immigrants who was also known as the Agent General. Each year planters sent in requests for Labourers and the immigration department divided the immigrants among the estates.When this was done the Agent General was in charge to ensure the many rules and regulations were enforced such as sound housing, watertight roofing and proper drainage to ensure the laws were enforced he had a staff of clerks, travelling inspectors and interpreters. A special corps of surgeons were also assembled headed by the island’s Surgeon General, since it was found that many new immigrants died within the first year . Every three months the Agent General’s staff had to prepare a report on each plantation listing the number of da ys lost through sickness, all fines on Labourers, and the number of births and deaths.When African slaves came to the Caribbean upon reaching the port the slaves were prepared for sale. Captains tried to make their cargo as attractive as possible . Slaves were stripped and shaved to remove grey hairs that lowered the selling price. Palm oil was rubbed into muscles to give a healthy firm appearance, some captains tried to hide to scars & wounds with cosmetic mixtures which included gunpowder, lime juice and iron rust.The final sale was carried about in two ways, a ‘slave scramble’ or an auction. Slaves would be herded into a pen, surrounded by  eager buyers, pushing and shoving in order to position themselves to grab hold of the finest specimens. A starting gun would be fired, and the buyers would surge into the pen to try and collect the best individuals. Often, fights broke out among the buyers as well as startled slaves would jump into the water. Following the scram ble, buyers lined up with their â€Å"captured† slaves and paid for them. A male slave cost about 200 guilders which was about the yearly wage for a sailor, women and children cost less in the 18th century the price went up to about ne 700 guilders.After this; slaves would be branded with the initials of their w owners. Unlike Indentured servants slaves were seen as property of their owner and therefore had little to no rights. Only those with special skills/talents were given special privileges. They were given insufficient rations and sometimes had to steal to gather enough food as well as food obtained from their own gardens. They were given inadequate amounts of fresh water. As well as worked long hours with little time for rest.Their health was a main concern but only because in order not to lose their value as workers through sickness. On large plantations it was a common practice to provide a hospital, and to engage the services of a doctor on a regular basis. Unfortun ately slaves were afflicted with many illnesses which the doctors couldn’t treat. Indentured Indians life on the plantation was not much different, working day was unduly long, the idea of a rest day inconceivable; the laborers found their movements severely curtailed, and indeed they were caged within the walls of the plantation.Discipline was enforced with an iron hand, and the whip cracked generously: as a number of Indian laborers in Surinam were to state in a complaint in 1883, â€Å"if any coolie fails to work for a single day of the week, he is sent to jail for two or four days, where he is forced to work while day and night kept under chains. We are tortured very much. For this reason two to three persons died by swallowing opium and drowning themselves. † Over the period 1834, when the first batch of indentured Indians arrived in Mauritius, to 1917, when the indentured system was brought to a halt, nearly 1. 5 million Indians had sold themselves into debt-bond age.About 240,000 Indians had been sent to British Guiana (now Guyana), 36,000 to Jamaica, and nearly 144,000 to Trinidad, to mention only some of the Caribbean nations. As the Barbadian novelist George Lamming put it, â€Å"these Indian hands — whether in British Guiana or Trinidad — have fed all of us. † These hands were to contribute, as much as the hands of African slaves and their descendants, to the Caribbean experiment of giving shape to a unique expression of human civilization, and as Lamming has recognized, â€Å"there can be no creative discovery of this civilization without the central and informing influence of the Indian presence.There can be no history of Trinidad and Guyana that is not also a history of the humanization of those landscapes by Indian Labour. † Indians are apt, like many other people, to associate the phenomenon of slavery solely with Africans, but it is not realized that indentured labor was only, in the words of Hugh Tinke r, â€Å"a new form of slavery†.If what is most notable about slavery is the fact that it allows the master or the capitalist to extract labor without paying the price of labor that is precisely what was achieved through the system of indentured servitude. There is, in this abominable exercise, a salutary lesson for those who have been the victims of European domination with its characteristically merciless, self-aggrandizing, and malign features, for when Europeans saw fit to bestow ‘freedom' upon a certain people, they could only do so by chaining others.The history of the white race, in this respect, is no fundamentally different today than it was before. But there is also, in the history of Indian indentured migration, something that rekindles hope. From the ashes of the painful and degrading experience of indenture, Indians were able, over the course of the last 150 years, to build anew their lives, and to give themselves an inestimable and indispensable place in t he countries to which they had been brought.

We Can Stop Poverty in Ghana Today

We Can Stop Poverty in Ghana Today Introduction Since the day of announcing Ghana as an independent country (1975), it has been trying to solve the problem of poverty. Many problems which exist in the country are either caused by the poverty or can influence it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on We Can Stop Poverty in Ghana Today specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People don’t get appropriate health care, children don’t receive education, living standards and nutritional status are very low (Whitehead, 2006). The inability even crop farmers feed themselves is caused by the lack of technical support which cannot be purchased by rural citizens (Sackey, 2005). Both rural and urban citizens suffer greatly. The issue cannot remain unsolved anymore, as people die. Previous programs were effective only for a short-term period. The main idea of the policy is to make it effective for a long period of time. Critique of policy options The Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS I) and the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS II) were the main policies aimed at solving the problem of poverty in the region up to 2009. The problem of making a new policy appeared, but it remained an unsolved issue up to June 14, 2011, when a new Coordinated Programme of Economic and Social Development Policies for 2010-2016 was adopted (Parliament adopts report on poverty reduction strategy, 2011). Current policy options: This program covers many problems and poverty is only one of those. One of the main disadvantages of the document is that the problem of poverty isn’t considered separately, but only as a part of other economic and social problems. However, it gives an opportunity to see the connection of the issues (Mills, 2011). Lack of governmental support is the main disadvantage of the previous program. The program failed as it was directed at short period of time and didn’t presuppose the governmental support. Policy reco mmendations This policy pays attention to the mistakes of the previous variants, that is why it may be considered as the most effective way for solving the problem of poverty. Having many options which may help solve the problem immediately, we would like to focus on modernization of the agricultural sector. First of all, we recommend help those farmers who live in the unfavorable areas, like northern Ghana, which depends on rain-fed agriculture (Molini, Keyzer, Van den Boom, Zant, Nsowah-Nuamah, 2010). A government can offer people from those regions either to move to other more favorable for farming areas, or create small town. The urbanization of the country should be controlled (Owusu, 2008). Second, farmers should be offered modern equipment either for rent or for issuing a loan for them. The period of loan should depend on a farmer’s income and expensiveness of the desired equipment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Farmers should be offered subsidies on attractive conditions. Financial support of farmers now can help those develop a profitable in the future. The main problems of Ghanaian agricultural sector are in its paradox. On the one hand, food crop sector is characterized by low productivity and undeveloped internal food market. On the other hand, â€Å"horticultural exports have been increasing and recent investments in cocoa and pineapple processing can been seen as signs of an emerging modern agricultural sector† (Wolter, 2009, p. 9). Thus, the limit of the export (temporary restriction) and attempts to conserve domestic food market should be legally confirmed. The funding aimed at developing agricultural sector can be taken from the following sources, national and international private investments (are attracted due to flourishing of food export) and governmental financial support. Therefore, it should be conclud ed that the steps considered above can help agricultural sector in Ghana become a developed industry. One of the main outcomes is the reduction of the poverty rate in rural area of the country. Moreover, looking for a farming sector to develop, many people from the town (especially those who run there with the purpose to searching for a better life) can return to the villages. It is going to lead to the reduction of the rural poverty. Reference List Mills, J. E. A. (2011). The coordinated programme of economic and social development policies, 2010 – 2016. Web. Molini, V., Keyzer, M., Van den Boom, B., Zant, W., Nsowah-Nuamah, N. (2010). Safety Nets and Index-Based Insurance: Historical Assessment and Semiparametric Simulation for Northern Ghana. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 58(4), 671-712. Owusu, G. (2008). The Role of Small Towns in Regional Development and Poverty Reduction in Ghana. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32(2), 453-472.Advertis ing We will write a custom essay sample on We Can Stop Poverty in Ghana Today specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parliament adopts report on poverty reduction strategy on coordinated policies for 2010-2016. (2011). Ghana News Agency. Web. Sackey, H. A. (2005). Poverty in Ghana from an Assets-Based Perspective: An Application of Probit Technique. African Development Review/Revue Africaine de Developpement, 17(1), 41-69. Whitehead, A. (2006). Persistent Poverty in North East Ghana. Journal of Development Studies, 42(2), 278-300. Wolter, D. (2009). Agriculture is Becoming a Business. OECD Journal: General Papers, 9(2), 9-32.

Essay on Operations and Strategy of Financial Institutions part 2

Essay on Operations and Strategy of Financial Institutions part 2 Essay on Operations and Strategy of Financial Institutions part 2 Essay on Operations and Strategy of Financial Institutions part 2Essay on Operations and Strategy of Financial Institutions part  1Regardless of the separation, there have always been significant management mistakes: Northern Rock had long real estate commitments financed with very short-term resources which suddenly dried up following the subprime crisis; as regards investment banks, they had excessively developed operations that turned out to be toxic (Larosiere, 2012). Such dangerous operations and policies do not depend on the specialisation and, thus, the separation can hardly prevent banks from conducting such risky operations and policies.Effects of the separation of the retail banking from the investment bankingTherefore, the separation of the retail banking from investment banking leading to the narrow specialisation of banks does not really mean the prevention of risks. For example, if the retail business of a bank starts stumbling, the investment business of the bank can help it to compensate losses and maintain the stable marketing performance of the bank or, vice versa, problems in the investment business may be compensated by the steady growth in the retail business.In this regard, it is possible to refer to the recommendation of experts that directors should be primarily responsible for ensuring their bank was implementing the ringfence (Moulds, 2012). But regulators should police compliance and punish any bank found to be in breach by requiring that bank to hold extra capital (Moulds, 2012).  However, such recommendation implies the government regulation that may be not enough to prevent crisis. Instead, the crisis may be prevented through responsible policies and avoidance of risky policies.The separation may have a considerable impact on the profitability and performance of banks, such as Northern Rock. The separation will prevent the bank from the opportunity to diversify its business and, thus, expand its market through the development o f the investment business. Instead, the bank will remain constrained within its retail business. Such limitation will restrict marketing opportunities for the bank to increase its market share and enter new markets as well as existing ones with investment instruments and projects that can increase the profitability of the bank and enhance its marketing performance. Instead, the bank will be doomed to focus on its retail business solely, which has already put the bank on the edge of survival. The shift toward investment banking would be too risky for Northern Rock at the moment.However, to understand possible effects of the separation, it is possible to refer to the application of this strategy in the past, for instance, in the US during the Great Depression. In the late 1920s, the split of the retail banking from investment banking resulted in the decrease of the amount of capital available for investment banking (Casserley, 2014). Moreover, in 1929 the capital of the securities aff iliates of National City and Chase National alone amounted to over $220 million (Casserley, 2014). Ten years later the total capital of the eight largest investment banks was a mere $75 million (Casserley, 2014).In fact, the separation of the retail banking from the investment banking may lead to the overall downturn in the business and economic development that will have a negative impact on the bank’s performance and profitability. In such a situation, the bank is likely to face considerable problems with the accelerated business development and stable growth since the decline of investments, which had been traced during the Great Depression after the attempt of the separation. The slow economic growth and low capitalization of investment banks will have a negative impact on retail banks too because the lack of investments will discourage the growth in the retail banking too since economic or business activities will be low.RecommendationsThe introduction of the separation of the retail banking from the investment banking will not bring consistent changes and qualitative improvements in the performance of Northern Rock, which is now run by Virgin Money, as well as other banks. The problem is not the lack of separation, since the bank was specialised on the retail banking solely before the crisis had struck. Instead, it was the risky policies conducted by the bank and its ineffective management that eventually triggered the downturn in the bank’s development, which were aggravated and fully revealed by the global financial crisis.Furthermore, it is possible to suggest considering the enhancement of the government regulation rather than separation of the retail banking from the investment banking. The government should not restrict business opportunities for banks but increase the regulation making stricter requirements to the bank. Strict requirements will discourage banks from too risky operations and decisions.The bank should focus on the opti misation of its performance rather than separation of the retail from investment operations. For example, the bank should get rid of the risky assets and focus on secure operations along with the attraction of customers, who can help to overcome current difficulties and regain its competitive position in the market. Northern Rock can count on the support of Virgin Money so far but the wise and effective customer relations management along with reasonable financial policies oriented on minimisation of risks is the worth implementing strategy, even if the price the bank has to pay will be low profitability. The bank will stabilise its performance in several years, optimize its operations and assets and, thus, create the ground for the further growth.In addition, the bank should come prepared that the proposal to separate its retail business from the investment one will not bring positive effects on its profitability and performance. The diversification of its operations through the de velopment of the investment department could help the bank to become the universal bank and enhance its performance. The profitability would likely remain low because such changes of bank’s operations are costly. However, in a long-run, the bank could partially secure its assets and marketing performance through such diversification, when the bank confronts the problem of the external impact, but not internal ones as was the case of Northern Rock in 2007-2008.ConclusionThus, the introduction of the separation of the retail banking from the investment banking will hardly bring consistent improvements to the performance and profitability of Northern Rock Bank. Moreover, this decision will hardly be able to prevent the crisis in the banking industry. The separation focuses on the strict control over the banking industry, which is of little help for Northern Rock as well as other banks. Hence, the separation is unlikely to increase the profitability and improve the performance of Northern Rock. On the contrary, this policy can trigger the downturn in the development of the banking industry and this policy can have a negative impact on Northern Rock Bank.

Jurisprudence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Jurisprudence - Essay Example Consequently, keeping in accordance with such traits law and the institutions that aim at implement legal systems in a social context are required to transform them so that the basic issues of individual liberty and equality can be attained or maintained. However, understanding nature of such social change is not an easy method; rather it requires substantial empathetic or farsighted observation so that pulse of such change can be perceived accurately and in this context, relevance of Jurisprudence can be realized. If an attempt is made to analyze the term â€Å"Jurisprudence†, it will be found that the word is a fusion of two words â€Å"Jurist† and â€Å"prudence†: leading a student of law to the realization that scholarly opinion or prudence of jurists is actually known as jurisprudence. According to the legal scholars like Roscoe Pound, jurisprudence is actually â€Å"the science of law† and they have contradicted opinion of legal philosophers like Austin who suggested that jurisprudence is actually â€Å"a philosophy of law† (Pound, 2002, p. 7-11). The historical development of jurisprudence, starting from ancient Greek civilization to modern time is clearly suggestive of the fact that a lot of changes have occurred in the arena of jurisprudential observation regarding society, its transformation and the scope of implementing legal principles within the ever changing scope of social domain. There are several ways that the term â€Å"law† is used i n social context. One of the major ways is that â€Å"It is used to mean the regime of ordering human activities and adjusting human relations through the systematic application of the force of a politically organized society† (Pound, 2000, p. 13). The changing nature of society and scope of legal application alter considerably mainly due to mutual interaction of people, inhabiting within a social domain. According to natural

Consumer's Safety Concerns When Using Smart Meters Dissertation

Consumer's Safety Concerns When Using Smart Meters - Dissertation Example We will be exploring the advantages and benefits of Smart Meters and the widespread acceptance of them by various governments and power corporations / power distribution agencies across the globe. Data will be presented from numerous studies on the Smart Meter and its effectiveness will be showcased. The prime concerns of â€Å"Consumer health† due to RF waves emitted and â€Å"Compromise of Consumer Privacy† and â€Å"Safety Concern† due to the detailed statistical and itemized electricity usage will also be discussed in detail. Ways and means of countering these severe drawbacks will also be discussed and a practical solution will be proposed. A new idea on making Smart Meters more consumers friendly and robust in terms of protecting consumer privacy will be discussed as well. Acknowledgement I heartedly acknowledge and thank my supervisor Dr. Georgios Theodorakopoulos for his valuable guidance and console. I also appreciate the co-operation of my family member s for facilitating my research study. Table of Contents I.Introduction 8 1.1Project Rationale 9 1.2Purpose of Study 10 1.3Objectives of Study 11 II.Literature Review 11 II.1Introduction 11 II.2What are Smart Meters 12 II.3Working of Smart Meters 13 II.4Functionalities of a Smart Meter 15 II.5Smart Meters vs. Conventional Meters 15 II.6Benefits of Smart Meters 16 II.6.1Benefits to Consumers 17 II.6.2Benefits to Utilities 17 II.6.3Environmental Benefits 18 II.6.4Economic Benefits 18 II.7Safety Issues of Smart Meters 19 III.Research Methodology 19 III.1Introduction 19 III.2Research Strategy 20 III.3Ethics 20 III.4Limitations 21 III.5Conclusion 21 IV.Findings and Analysis 21 IV.1Introduction 21 IV.2Findings 22 IV.2.1Issue of Consumer Health 22 IV.2.2Issue of Consumer Privacy 27 IV.2.3Discussion 29 IV.2.4Conclusion 32 IV.3Remedial Models for Safety Concerns of Smart Meters 32 IV.3.1Healthcare Models 32 IV.3.2Privacy Models 34 IV.4Analysis 37 IV.5Conclusion 41 V.Conclusion and Recommendat ion 41 V.1Introduction 41 V.2Conclusion 42 V.3Recommendations 43 VI.Personal Reflection 45 VII.Bibliography 47 I. Introduction Smart meters have been the focus of attention of a considerable number of electricity providers in European Union as well as United Kingdom. A number of smart meter projects are underway in Italy, Japan, Sweden, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, USA and Northern Ireland (Gerwen, 2006). This unwavering attention given to these smart meters is because of the benefits that the ‘smart’ technology offers. Not only are these new smart grid/meters designed to be more reliable and more efficient but they also give more accurate readings than the existing electrical meters. Smart meters facilitate the operations of meter companies, grid operators, energy suppliers, governments and the consumers (Gerwen, 2006). Despite the large scale advantages offered by the smart meters, there are primarily two issues regarding the effect of these smart meters on the consumer welfare. These two issues alone have created a wave of concern amongst the consumers regarding the usage of smart meters. Owing to some of the reviews published by the environmental and health bodies, the use of smart meters can produce harmful health effect and disrupt the privacy of consumers (Murrill et al., 2012; Dean