Determinants Of Development Of Banking Sector - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2342 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to examine the determinants of development of banking sector from the perspective of Real GDP, Discount rate, Trade openness and Financial Liberalization by using annual data from 1970 to 2007. In this study, Liquid Liabilities, Private sector credit and Domestic credit are used as indicator of banking sector development. The finding of this research shows negative relationship between Trade openness and development of banking sector development. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Determinants Of Development Of Banking Sector" essay for you Create order Discount rate is having a significant impact on banking sector development when Private sector credit and Domestic credit is used as the indicator while Real GDP is found significant when Liquid Liabilities and Domestic credit is used as indicator of Banking sector Development. Generalized form of data has been used in this study. Keywords: Banking Sector development, Real GDP, Trade openness, Discount Rate, Financial Liberalization INTRODUCTION The financial sector of Pakistan has shown a substantial growth in past few years, however there is still need for continuous development. The financial sector of Pakistan consists of a variety of specialized financial institutions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" commercial banks, DFIs, NBFCs, micro finance banks, Islamic banks, Modarbas, Stock Exchange and Insurance companies. Thus the whole financial sector of Pakistan offers a wide range of products and services to its customers. (Zaidi, 2005) states that growth of financial sector is significantly related with economic growth therefore, country needs well developed financial sector in order to fully utilize the financial resources. Banking system has a significant importance in financial market. Banking Sector of Pakistan is an important financial intermediary and responsible for the economic growth in the country. In 1990, Denationalization of Government owned banks have changed the overall scenario of the banking sector of Pakistan. After the amendments in banking companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ordinance, Muslim Commercial Bank (MCB) and Allied bank Limited (ABL) were denationalized in 1991 and 1993 respectively. The process of denationalization remains suspended for numbers of years and was restarted in early 2000s, when United Bank Limited (UBL) was privatized. In 2004, Habib Bank Limited (HBL) was also denationalized and due to which, the asset share of public sector banks was reduced to 25% at that time. In the last decade, state bank of Pakistan has made several efforts in promoting the Islamic modes of financing. In 2002, the first Islamic bank was established under the name of Meezan bank. Since then, the number of Islamic banks has been opened. Various traditional ban ks are now opening Islamic specialized branches. At the end of 2009, total assets of the Islamic banking have reached to 366.3 billions and the deposits in Islamic banks have reached to 282.6 billions[1]. At the end of calendar year 2009, there are 9522 total branches of banks in Pakistan which shows an increase of 376 branches in banking sector from the 3rd quarter of 2009. Moreover, the asset base of banking sector has shown a growth of 7 percent over the last quarter. (Yasmin, Jehan, Chaudhary, 2006) explains that after independence in 1947, Pakistan avoided trade openness because of weak industrial structure. In 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, industrial base was laid and manufacturing industry expanded widely in Pakistan. However, industrial expansion face setback in 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s due to nationalization of industries. In 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, IMF and World Bank provided facilities to the Pakistan in order to initiate the financial restructuring in country. A loan of $150 million and $200 Million was provided for this purpose under à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Financial sector adjustment loanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in 1989 and 1997 respectively. Another project named as financial sector deepening and Intermediation project was initiated in 1995. The estimated worth of that project was $216 million. (Hanif, 2002) Despite of the remarkable performance since last two decades, the banking sector of Pakistan is less developed and remains small in relation to the economy, when it is compared to the other banking sectors of the world. This shows that a number of financial and banking needs are still ignored and that much of the economic potential of Pakistan is not achieved yet. Highlights of banking sector of Pakistan Following is the highlight of banking sector of Pakistan from 2005 to 2009. (Rs. Billion) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total Assets 3,660 4,353 5,172 5,672 6,529 Net Investment 800 833 1,276 1,080 1,753 Net Advances 1,991 2,428 2,688 3,183 3,428 Deposits 2,832 3,255 3,854 4,217 4,787 Equity 292 402 544 563 662 Profit after tax 63 84 73 43 54 Source: State Bank of Pakistan LITERATURE REVIEW (Christopoulos Tsionas, 2004) states there is no one opinion of economist on the issue of financial development and growth of economy. (Pagano, 1993) describes that savings are mobilized towards the productive investment due to financial deepening which helps in improving corporate governance. (Khan Qayyum, 2007) says there are three major channels through which financial development can affect economic growth (i) marginal productivity of capital can be increased (ii) savings are directed towards the investment (iii) level of private saving rate can be increased. The relationship of economic growth and financial development was first discussed by (Goldsmith, 1969), (McKinnon, 1973) and (Shaw, 1973). Their study shows that there is a positive relationship between financial development and the level of output i.e. when the financial market will increase the credit level, the investment will increase thus, showing that real income and real interest rate is a positive function of financial development. (Yu Gan, 2010) study shows that due to positive real interest rate, the mobilization of savings of banks increases and it also increases the growth with the increase in volume and productivity of capital. (Yanikkaya, 2003) argues that trade openness has a significant impact on the GDP share. In developing countries, trade openness creates new opportunities to increase the growth process and hence the unemployment level decrease. (Jin, 2000) states that trade openness facilitates in establishing the development process. Moreover, local technology and production process can be improved through trade liberalization. One school of thoughts is of view that the financial liberalization is also a major contributor towards the financial development in developing countries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Financial liberalization means the deregulation of domestic financial markets and liberalization of the capital account.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Attaullah, Cockerill, Le, 2004) empirically shows that the effectiveness of banking sector is improved following the financial liberalization. (Bekaert, Harvey, Lundblad, 2005) Suggests that there is a significant relationship between financial liberalization and economic growth. However, (Stiglitz, 2000) argues that increase in financial liberalization enhances the macro economic vulnerability of nations and chances of crises becomes significant. The study of (Gong, Lee, Chen, 2004) supported the fact that increase in financial liberalization can cause crisis. (Wyplosz, 2001) suggested that financial liberalization is effective if the objective is to increase the competition and d ecrease the monopoly powers. However, financial liberalization is quite risky for developing countries. Many developing countries in Asia and Europe have grown faster even with strong financial restraints. MODEL SPECIFICATION Based on the above literature, we can propose that in Pakistan, banking sector development is a function of real Gross Domestic Products (RGDP), Discount date (DR) and Trade openness (TO) and Financial Liberalization (FL). This can also be shown as BSD Pak = f (RGDP, RI, TO, FL) Where, BSD Pak = Banking Sector Development of Pakistan In this study, we have used following models which are estimated by using least square techniques. In model 1, we will use Liquid liabilities as the indicator of banking sector development. In model 2, Private Sector Credit will be used as the indicator of banking sector development where as in model 3, domestic credit will be used as the indicator of banking sector development. (Yu Gan, 2010) ln LL= ÃŽÂ ²o+ÃŽÂ ²1ln RGDP+ ÃŽÂ ²2 DR + ÃŽÂ ²3TO+ ÃŽÂ ²4FL + e ln PRI= ÃŽÂ ²o+ ÃŽÂ ²1ln RGDP+ ÃŽÂ ²2 DR + ÃŽÂ ²3 TO+ ÃŽÂ ²4FL+ e ln DC= ÃŽÂ ²o+ÃŽÂ ²1ln RGDP+ ÃŽÂ ²2 DR + ÃŽÂ ²3 TO+ ÃŽÂ ²4FL+ e where, ln LL= Natural logarithm of liquid liabilities ln PRI= Natural logarithm of Private sector Credit ln DC= Natural logarithm of Domestic Credit Data source: We have used annual data from 1970 to 2007 in this study. The data is obtained from the World Bank database and international financial statistics. However, Financial Liberalization Index of Pakistan, constructed by (Waliullah, 2010) is used in this study. Real GDP (RGDP) is calculated by using following formula EMPIRICAL METHODOLOGY In this study, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique has been used. In order to run the OLS model, order of integration of every variable is determined. There are two methods to examine the order of integration i.e. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and Phillps-Perron test. In this study, we will use ADF test for examining weather the data is stationary or non-stationary. We will run co-integration test when all variables becomes stationary at same level. The generalized form of data has been used in this study. Empirical Results of Model 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Liquid Liabilities Table 1. OLS Results of Model 1 Dependent Variable: LL Method: Least Squares Date: 01/24/11 Time: 16:07 Sample: 1970 2007 Included observations: 38 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. RGDP 2.390212 0.071527 33.41707 0.0000 TO -0.246367 0.046986 -5.243445 0.0000 DR 0.030429 0.104158 0.292144 0.7720 FL 0.035323 0.009594 3.681828 0.0008 C -0.000353 0.000128 -2.758942 0.0094 R-squared 0.998745 Mean dependent var -0.000415 Adjusted R-squared 0.998593 S.D. dependent var 0.020655 S.E. of regression 0.000775 Akaike info criterion -11.36561 Sum squared resid 1.98E-05 Schwarz criterion -11.15014 Log likelihood 220.9465 F-statistic 6564.172 Durbin-Watson stat 1.489120 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 In model 1, liquid liabilities have been used as an indicator of banking sector development. Table 1 show that Real GDP, Financial Liberalization and Trade openness are statistically significant and Discount rate is not statistically significant to the development of banking sector in Pakistan. However, Trade openness is inversely related with liquid liabilities which means that increase in trade openness will eventually affects the development of banking sector. While, Real GDP and Financial liberalization have a significant impact on the banking sector development i.e. higher Real GDP and Financial Liberalization in Pakistan will leads towards development of banking sector. R square is (.99) which shows substantial explanation of independent variables in dependent variables. Table 2. OLS Results of Model 2 (Private Sector Credit) Dependent Variable: PRI Method: Least Squares Date: 01/24/11 Time: 16:16 Sample: 1970 2007 Included observations: 38 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. RGDP -7.684614 5.715274 -1.344575 0.1879 TO -7.525119 3.603842 -2.088082 0.0446 DR 25.87713 9.222809 2.805775 0.0084 FL -0.204028 1.108112 -0.184122 0.8550 C 0.033118 0.090551 0.365739 0.7169 R-squared 0.343149 Mean dependent var 0.041883 Adjusted R-squared 0.263531 S.D. dependent var 0.648747 S.E. of regression 0.556741 Akaike info criterion 1.788644 Sum squared resid 10.22868 Schwarz criterion 2.004116 Log likelihood -28.98424 F-statistic 4.309923 Durbin-Watson stat 1.880175 Prob(F-statistic) 0.006483 In model 2, we have used Private sector credit as an indicator of development of banking sector in Pakistan. Results of table 2 indicate that discount rate and trade openness have significant impact on the development of banking sector. However, Trade openness is inversely related to the banking sector development. Financial liberalization and Real GDP are not found statistically significant. R square of model 2 is (.34) which shows that independent variables are explaining 34 % of the dependent variable. OLS Results of Model 3 (Domestic Credit) Dependent Variable: DC Method: Least Squares Date: 01/24/11 Time: 16:20 Sample: 1970 2007 Included observations: 38 Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. RGDP 0.289400 0.002316 124.9755 0.0000 TO -0.007190 0.001983 -3.626526 0.0010 DR 0.014020 0.005240 2.675496 0.0115 FL 0.001211 0.000307 3.938439 0.0004 C -6.23E-06 4.61E-06 -1.351692 0.1857 R-squared 0.999939 Mean dependent var -1.15E-05 Adjusted R-squared 0.999931 S.D. dependent var 0.003380 S.E. of regression 2.80E-05 Akaike info criterion -18.00387 Sum squared resid 2.59E-08 Schwarz criterion -17.78840 Log likelihood 347.0735 F-statistic 134392.7 Durbin-Watson stat 1.559156 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 In model 3, we have used domestic credit as an indicator of banking sector development. Results of table 3 indicate that all variables are statistically significant to the development of banking sector of Pakistan. R square of model 3 is (.99) which shows that independent variables have a significant impact on the dependent variable. (Goldsmith, 1969) As mentioned above, generalized form of data has been used in this study and numbers of tests have been applied on these three models and there is no serial correlation, heteroscedasticity. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION The results of this study shows that Trade openness is inversely related to the development of banking sector in Pakistan in all three models which validates the findings of (Siddiqui Iqbal, 2005) that Trade openness negatively affects the economic growth of a country. However these results are not according to the findings of (Miller Upadhyay, 2000) which states that trade openness leads to the development of financial sector. Moreover this study also does not support the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) which states that trade openness have no impact on the development of banking sector. In case of Liquid liabilities as indicator of banking sector development, it is clear that Real GDP and Financial liberalization have the significant impact on the development of banking sector of Pakistan. This result is according to the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) and (Attaullah et al, 2004) which show that Real GDP and Financial Liberalization significantly impact the banking sector development. It means that increase in Real GDP and Financial Liberalization will lead the banking sector of Pakistan towards prosperity. In case of Private sector credit as the indicator of banking sector development, it is found that discount rate is statistically significant to the banking sector development. It means that increase in discount rate will lead towards increase in private sector credit which will eventually results in financial sector development. However, financial liberalization was found inversely related to the banking sector development and Real GDP was not found significant which is against the findings of (Yu Gan, 2010) which identifies that Real GDP has a significant impact on the development of financial sector of Pakistan when Private sector credit is taken as indicator of banking sector development. In case of Domestic credit as indicator of development of banking sector, results shows that all four variables are statistically significant to the financial sector development which are according to the findings of (Rajan Zingales, 1998), (Cetorelli Gambera, 2001) which states that Financial Liberalization and Real GDP significantly impact the development of financial sector. PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATIONS FOR BANKING SECTOR On the basis of the findings of this study, we can conclude that trade openness is having inverse relationship with the banking sector development. As a result of Trade openness, the less developed banking sector of Pakistan faces tough competition from the developed financial sector of other countries. Moreover, increase in trade openness increases the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s exposure to international shocks i.e. if any economy faces will suffer a crisis, there will be more chance of transferring crisis in Pakistan. Discount rate is also found significant in this study when Private sector credit and Domestic credit was used as an indicator of banking sector development. When the discount rate will be high, financial institutions will be encouraged to get loan from state bank of Pakistan. Banks usually uses discount rate as benchmark interest rate when they further lend the money to borrowers. So increasing the discount rate will eventually lead the banking sector to development.

The Future of Space Exploration - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1102 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Science Essay Level High school Tags: Space Exploration Essay Did you like this example? As long as humanity has existed, people have looked to the stars. They were used for navigation or just to tell stories or explain the universe. Mankind has always dreamt of reaching into the cosmos, and with technology constantly growing, that dream is now a reality. We are reaching further into the sky to learn more about the universe and our own Earth. In order for us to understand the direction of development for new missions, the history of space exploration should be known. The new age of exploration began in 1957 when the Soviet Union successfully launched a satellite, Sputnik, into low-earth orbit. This launch also kickstarted the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. In 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space, orbiting the Earth once. In that same year, Alan Shepard became the first American in space. Marking a new step in outer-space research, Mariner 4, an American spacecraft, began transmitting photographs of Mars in 1965. In a giant leap for mankind. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to walk on the moon in 1969. Setting the stage for further exploration into the cosmos, the United States launched the first space station, Skylab, into orbit in 1973. In 1972, Viking 2 discovers water frost on Mars, paving the way for future studies on possible li fe on the red planet, and in 1997, the Mars Pathfinder rover lands and begins transmitting images. In 2009, the Kepler space telescope was launched in an effort to search for planets the size of Earth orbiting other stars. Setting a precedent for future commercial companies, SpaceX successfully launched a rocket, Falcon 9, into orbit and retrieves in successfully, a first for a non-government company. These past events set the stage for the growth of space programs around the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Future of Space Exploration" essay for you Create order The future of space exploration has already been planned for many years ahead. One of the soonest, the EXOMars mission is set to launch in 2020. The mission will take a European rover and a Russian surface platform to Mars, taking 9 months to travel from earth. This mission is being operated by the European Space Agency, also known as the ESA, and Roscosmos, the Russian space Program. EXOMars plans to collect samples to search for any signs of life or habitable conditions on Mars. The next mission is Euclid, also set to launch in 2020. Euclid is operated by the European Space Agency, and will research dark matter and dark energy. The universe is expanding, and the rate at which it does so is accelerating. The source thought to be responsible for this is referred to as dark energy, and represents up to 75% of the energy content in the universe today. Euclid aims to study this energy, to better understand the accelerating growth of the universe as well as the physics behind the creation of the universe. Prospector 1, operated by Deep Space industries, intends to revolutionize commercial goals involving space. The launch date is not yet set, but is expected to launch between 2020 and 2030. Prospector 1 will land on a near Earth asteroid to analyze the materials found, and determine their worth. If this mission goes well, Deep Space Industries hopes that it will inspire other companies to look to space for materials, and allow for a lower cost alternative to sending some supplies into space. Operated by NASA, the Europa Clipper is set to launch in 2022. Europa will orbit Jupiter, to avoid the strong radiation the planet projects onto its moon, Europa. The spacecraft will makes several quick passes near Europa to research its oceans and icy crust. Europa Clipper will study the thickness of the icy surface, the depth and salinity of the ocean, search for any subsurface lakes, and determine whether or not the ocean could harbor life. The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, also known as JUICE, will also study Jupiter and its moons. Operated by the European Space Agency and launching in 2022, JUICE will spend two years in orbit around Jupiter, studying the planet and 3 of its moons; Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa. JUICE will map the surfaces of these moons, as well as study the ocean layers and the physical properties of the icy surface, and research Jupiters exosphere. In 2034, the European Space Agency will launch the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, LISA for short. The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna consists of three spacecrafts, arranged in an equilateral triangle, each separated by millions of miles. LISA will trail behind the earth in an effort to detect any distortions in spacetime. These distortions, known as gravitational waves, are caused by the collisions between supermassive black holes. The Breakthrough Starshot, operated by Breakthrough Initiatives, is set to launch in 2036. The technology behind this mission seems so implausible, but if the mission succeeds, it will open the way for advancements in space travel. The mission will use light beam technology as power to launch nanocrafts up to speeds of 100 million miles per hour. This will allow the tiny space probes to reach Alpha Centauri in only 20 years, and will fly by Proxima B to study the exoplanet. Proxima B is the closest known exoplanet to our solar system, orbiting Alpha Centauri and possibly being able to harbor life. Breakthrough Initiatives hopes that this mission will go well and prove that light propulsion is a probable future source of fuel. Further exploration into space is necessary for many different reasons. The more efficient space travel becomes, the easier it will be for private companies to utilize the many materials that are much more common in space. Travelling further into space will necessitate the growth of technology. For example, the technology used in the ISS has been used to benefit developing countries on earth. The water filtration system used on the space station is easy to use, and collects water from the atmosphere to bring potable water to communities. The medical community has benefitted as well. Advanced robotics developed to work remotely in space have also been adapted for everyday life. The Canadian Space Agency created the Canadarm 1 and 2, and the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (Dextre). These robots were designed to build and maintain the space station, but inspired the creation of the NeuroArm, which is a robot that allows surgeons to operate with higher precision in an MRI machine. Exploration and discovery has been a part of humanity for centuries, and continues to this day. The new age of space exploration has opened new doors of possibility and discovery into the universe. Since the Soviet Union launched the first satellite into orbit, mankind has tried to expand further into space to discover the secrets of the infinite cosmos.

Analysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare - 913 Words

Playwrights generally write plays that are inspired by and based on real life events and/or issues that allow them to communicate their points of view as well as the opinions of involved parties. Plays written in the Elizabethan era are categorized as comedies, histories, or tragedies to make it easier for their audience to understand difficult and emotional themes. Although modern plays may follow classic Elizabethan structures, dramatists may adapt it to appeal to a broader audience and to reflect similar issues that may have evolved. For instance, audiences can easily identify with tragedies since they exhibit a downfall as a direct result of a fatal flaw that leads up, often times, to the death of a beloved character. Tragic heroes serve as a mirror for the audience in that as a tragedy progresses, the audience may see their personal experiences and views within it. William Shakespeare’s representation of a moor in his play, Othello, is a personification of a classical tra gic hero, whereas Troy Maxson, the protagonist in Fences by August Wilson, serves as an example of a modern tragic hero. Shakespeare and Wilson utilize characteristics of tragic heroes— hamartia, hubris, peripeteia, nemesis, and catharsis—as a literary device to convey an archetypal theme of the hazards of passing judgments to their audience. Although the argument could be made that Othello and Troy are not descendants of noble bloodlines, Shakespeare and Wilson have expanded the quintessentialShow MoreRelatedOthello Analysis : Othello By William Shakespeare1115 Words   |  5 PagesRiley Thompson Professor Grill LIT 200 2 November 2014 Othello Analysis Assignment Othello, a play that was written in 1604 by William Shakespeare, is an example of a type of story called a â€Å"tragedy.† Throughout the course of the work, Othello proves himself to be very easily misled, despite his heroic status. This causes him to lose his ability to make good judgments and decisions. Even though Othello had a reputation as a hero, he ends up being one of the most gullible characters in the play whenRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare Essay2413 Words   |  10 Pagesprocess, such as a process known as Classical Conditioning. Mind manipulation has been presented by villains throughout movies, novels, and even plays. 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Birth Of Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islanders Descent

Written Assignment Studies have shown that babies of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders descent are more two-three times more likely to be born prematurely then babies of non-Indigenous descent (Brown et al., 2016). Due to these results an evaluation will occur to determine the factors that are known to affect preterm birth. This assessment will focus on two peer reviewed articles and will reflect on the search strategy used, assess how each article relates to an increased knowledge of preterm birth factors and justify how their studies contribute to the role of the nurse from an ethical perspective. The initial search process was difficult but after determining an appropriate search strategy, the process in finding relevant†¦show more content†¦For example this previous search term produced articles that contained information regarding models of care and antenatal care strategies. Thus they did not contain adequate information about the factors that can cause preterm birth in Indigenous women. After revising the key terms, additional searches were made using both CINAHL and MEDLINE databases, with each article being evaluated and better search mechanisms being applied. In this search the key words preterm AND aboriginal women were used with the result being relatively successful, however there were still a number of articles that were not all applicable. I then decided to go through each article and critique how each study was conducted and what information it could provide to increase my knowledge on the factors that affect preterm birth. Additionally I also looked at which articles provided the highest level of evidence using NHMRC guidelines, as well as observing the number of people who had cited the source (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2015). Being more specific in database searches was a skill that became vital in the search process (Symmons, 2013). For example, I also chose synonyms such as, ‘neonatal outcomes’ and ‘premature preg nancy’ so articles relevant to preterm birth could be discovered. By establishing effective search terms, evaluating the reliability of the source, restricting

Building Trust and Compliance in Services †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Building Trust and Compliance in Services. Answer: Introduction: I have done the review on Distributed computing is an engineering for giving registering administration via internet on call or pay per utilize model for shared resources systems, stockpiling, servers, administrations along with applications, deprived of substantially securing them by authors Rabi Prasad Padhy, Manas Ranjan Patra, Suresh Chandra. The question arises here is How Distributed Computing or cloud computing are securely handling the information using latest instance?. In this research, for instance, managing an account, social insurance and instruction are touching in the direction of the cloud since the proficiency of managements given by the compensation per-utilize design considering the assets, for example, handling power utilized, exchanges completed, transmission capacity devoured, information exchanged, or storage room possessed and so on. The other question in this article is about How Distributed computing is a totally web subordinate innovation where customer information is put away and keep up in the server farm of a cloud supplier like Amazon?. The Constrained controller over the data might attain dissimilar safety issues besides risks which include data discharge, uncertain interface, sharing of assets, information accessibility along with privileged assaults. There are different research challenges additionally there for embracing distributed computing, for example, all around oversaw benefit level understanding, security, interoperability and unwavering quality. This exploration diagrams what distributed computing is, the diverse cloud mockups in addition the attitude safety risks and matters which are precise now introduce within the distributed calculating industry. This exploration paper additionally examines the key research and difficulties that presents in distributed computing and offers best practices t o specialist co-ops along with undertakings wanting to use cloud management to increase their key apprehension in this thoughtful fiscal troposphere (Rabi Prasad Padhy, Manas Ranjan Patra, Suresh Chandra; 2014). In this article question arises, How Distributed computing is a rising model of business processing? Distributed computing is the advancement of parallel figuring, circulated processing, lattice registering along with virtualization innovations which characterize the state of another period.. In this paper, we investigate the idea of cloud design and contrasts distributed computing and lattice figuring. We additionally address the attributes and utilizations of a few prevalent distributed computing stages. In this paper, we plan to pinpoint the difficulties and issues of distributed computing. We distinguished a few difficulties from the distributed computing reception point of view and we likewise highlighted the cloud interoperability issue that merits generous further innovative work (Santosh Kumar and R. H. Goudar, 2015). The second question How security issue are managed? In any case, security and protection issues show a solid boundary for clients to adjust into distributed computing frameworks. In this paper, we explore a few distributed computing framework suppliers about their worries on security and protection issues (Santosh Kumar and R. H. Goudar, 2015). Article 1 (User privacy and Security) The review done is to utilizes Ubuntu Enterprise Cloud (UEC) Eucalyptus for recreation, which is authored by AL-Museelem Waleed1 and Li Chunlin. This acknowledged open source distributed computing programming as an answer. This journal describes how security in addition protection issues happen with regards to distributed computing and inspects courses in which they may be tended to. This research questions asked in this are: What are the security issue for the distributed computing programming? How modernization is utilized by Ubuntu Enterprises Cloud (UEC) for Replication? The technique utilized includes scrambling along with unscrambling information to guarantee protection and security in the cloud (Li chunlin, 2015). Article 2 (Building trust and compliance in the cloud for services) This research is about distributed computing for rising territory of PC innovation that advantages the handling power as well as the figuring assets of many associated, topographically separated PCs associated through Internet. It has been authored by R. Yeluri, E. Castro-Leon, R. R. Harmon, and J. Greene. Distributed computing disposes of the need of having an entire foundation of equipment and programming to meet clients necessities and applications. It can be considered or considered as an entire or a halfway outsourcing of equipment and programming assets. The research questions for this shall be: How to get to cloud applications, a great Internet association? What kind of standard Internet program are required? Distributed computing has its own downside from the security perspective; this paper means to address the clear majority of these dangers and their conceivable arrangements (R. Yeluri, 2015). Article 3 (Database security ) The research topic in this article is Data safety, which has dependably been a notable subject in data origination. The cloud computing state, it tries ready to be particularly open on the lands that the data is positioned in improved spaces level in entirely global space. The security guarantee are the dual important rudiments of customer's qualms around the cloud revolution. Although, abundant policies on the points in cloud computing shall be researched in mutually scholastics in additional ventures, data safety in addition to protection insurance are wrapping up basically added essential for the forthcoming advancement of cloud computing novelty in administration, business, as well as commercial. The questions in this are: How data safety along with defense assurance problems are tackled? How along with user interface design and database security is managed in the cloud enterprise? This evaluation is to review distinctive safety organizations as well as difficulties after both software development as well as paraphernalia belvederes for safeguarding data in the cloud as well as goes for improving the data safety along with security assurance for the reliable cloud state (Rao, 2012). Article 4 (Security Issue for Cloud computing) This journal talks about safety matters for scattered computing along with that contemporary a encrusted building for protected steams as well as afterward quintessence on dual layers, i.e., the capacity layer as well as the information layer. This has been authored by Kevin Hamlen , Murat Kantarcioglu, Latifur Khan, Bhavani Thuraisingham. Precisely, the inventors inspect a strategy for protected outsider circulations of records in a cloud. Following questions are asked in this, How issue shall be handled while conducting with guide Reduce as well as Hadoop?, How along with exchange the use of protected co-processors for distributed computing shall be one? At extensive preceding, the inventers talk about XACML tradition for Hadoop shall scrutinize their opinions that construction reliable submissions from untrusted sections will be a noteworthy part of secure distributed computing (Kevin Hamlen, 2012). Article 5 (IEEE transaction on Cloud computing) This article has been authored by Rajkumar Buyya. It explains computing shall have altered to some prototypical containing facilities that shall commoditized as well as transported in a way like functions such as liquid, power, gas, along with telephony. The research questions to follow in this: How this model users admittance facilities shall be grounded on their necessities? How the process for computing shall be managed for transaction? Numerous computing models have assured to bring this usefulness computing vision. Cloud computing is the most recent emerging paradigm promising to crack the image of cloud-computing efficacies into authenticity ( Rajkumar buya, 2013). condition, since information are scattered in various machines and capacity gadgets including servers, PCs, as well as different cell phones, for example, remote sensor systems (Security issue for computing, 2012). Information Security: One of the most noteworthy obstructions to appropriation is information security, which is joined by issues including consistence, protection, trust, and lawful matters (Li chunlin, 2016). Application Security: the distributed computing be received by clients and endeavor, the security worries of clients ought to be redressed first to make cloud condition dependable. The reliable condition is the essential to win certainty of clients to embrace such an innovation (Lin chunlin, 2016). Subjective Research method shall be used for cloud computing security as well as other features to do exploratory research in it. It is utilized to pick up a comprehension of hidden reasons, assessments, along with inspirations. It gives bits of knowledge into the security issue of cloud computing or creates thoughts or speculations for potential quantitative exploration (Security issue for computing, 2012). Hypothesis to Choose We suggest a speculation of how distributed computing can be portrayed as an unpredictable framework and we depict the different dangers and openings associated with the present usage distributed computing. We then present a preparatory model for the execution a robotized arrangement of confirmation in light of the formalization of authoritative standards and customers' inclinations (IEEE transactions on cloud computing, 2013). For the accompanying classes of distributed computing, please show in which phase of appropriation or arrangements for selection your association is at for every classification. What did or does your association see as the most vital advantages of distributed computing? What were or are the best boundaries for reception of distributed computing in your association? For which sorts of utilizations do you utilize or plan to send into a cloud inside the following 12 months. Do you consider any of the applications for which you are utilizing distributed computing to be mission basic applications for your business? The underlying reception of distributed computing in our association was finished by: What is the present condition of reception (or arrangements for appropriation inside 12 months) in your association: At present, who in your association has the key choice make with regards to the appropriation and utilization of distributed computing. As it identifies with distributed computing, what amount does your association plan to spend every month Is there whatever else you might want to educate us regarding the appropriation or utilization of distributed computing in your association Respondent to choose The respondent in shall be chosen by specialists which are not inspired by the specimen itself, but rather in the understanding that they can conceivably surmise from the example and afterward apply over the whole populace. An example review as a rule offers more prominent extension than some statistics. Working inside a given asset requirement, inspecting may make it conceivable to concentrate the number of inhabitants in a bigger geological territory or to discover more about a similar populace by analyzing a region in more prominent profundity through a littler example. It is imperative that analysts comprehend the populace on a case by case premise and test the example for consistency before proceeding with the overview (R. Yeluri, 2012). References Manas Ranjan patra, Security Issues and Research Challenges , 2011, retrieved from https://www.ijcsits.org/papers/Vol1no22011/13vol1no2.pdf Rajkumar Buyya, IEEE transactions on cloud computing, 2013, retrieved from https://www.buyya.com/papers/TCC-Introduction-V1-N1-2013.pdf Kevin Hamlen, Security issue for computing, 2010, retrieved from https://www.utdallas.edu/~bxt043000/Publications/Journal-Papers/DAS/J63_Security_Issues_in_Cloud_Computing.pdf Li chunlin, User privacy and Security, 2016, retrieved from https://www.sersc.org/journals/IJSIA/vol10_no2_2016/30.pdf Nidal M. Turab, Cloud computing challenges, 2015, retrieved from https://airccse.org/journal/cnc/5513cnc15.pdf Yeluri, E. Castro-Leon, R. R. Harmon, and J. Greene, Building trust and compliance in the cloud for services, in Proceedings of the Annual SRII Global Conference (SRII 12), pp. 379390, San Jose, Calif, USA, July 2012. Rao, Centralized database security in cloud, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 544549, 2012. M. Mohamed, H. S. Abdelkader, and S. El-Etriby, Enhanced data security model for cloud computing, in Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Informatics and Systems (INFOS '12), pp. CC-12CC-17, IEEE, 2012. Biedermann and S. Katzenbeisser, POSTER: event-based isolation of critical data in the cloud, in Proceedings of the ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer Communications Security, pp. 13831386, ACM, 2013 Cao, C. Wang, M. Li, K. Ren, and W. Lou, Privacy-preserving multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 222233, 2014. Huang and R. Tso, A commutative encryption scheme based on ElGamal encryption, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Information Security and Intelligent Control (ISIC 12), pp. 156159, IEEE, August 2012. Santosh Kumar, Cloud Computing Research Issues, Challenges, Architecture, Platforms and Applications, 2015, retrieved from https://www.ijfcc.org/papers/95-F0048.pdf

The Works of Tyler Perry and Spike Lee Essay Example For Students

The Works of Tyler Perry and Spike Lee Essay Despite any biased opinions, there really is no denying that both Spike Lee and Tyler Perry make great movies. Their fame and popularity of their continual movie success is enough to know that both men are talented in their line of work. Both of these film-makers create movies that dominate more toward the black culture of Americans. Thats not to say that caucasian or any other race doesnt watch or enjoy their movies. In terms of representing blackness and black people in general, I believe Tyler Perrys body of work does a better job than Spike Lee. Even though Spike Lees work is similar in the sense of Perrys work, in that he focuses towards black audiences, I just prefer Perrys style over Lees. Throughout the paper I will touch on secondary opinions of criticisms against the two film-makers and why those particular sources conceived their opinion. After the readings and audio for this week, I never knew about the rivalry between Perry and Lee. It was obvious that both of their work was aimed more toward black audiences, but Im now aware that they each have different styles and opinions in how they portray their work. A big impact of Perrys work is the character of Madea that he has developed through so many of his films. Madea is Perry dressed in drag as an older-aged black woman. Madea is meant to be the character of a strong and independent black woman, but the audience still perceives her as funny and entertaining. Lees movies, while still deeming toward a black audience, dont have a particular character involved throughout, but I would infer that the theme of a majority of his movies steer towards having a black man against all odds. Unfortunately, it wouldnt be entertainment without drama throughout the industry. Both Perry and Lee have some harsh feelings towards one anothers work. Lee once referred to Perrys work as buffoonery. ? Lee doesnt hold his feelings in towards Perrys films and the Madea character and the stereotypes he feels Perry wrongly depicts in his films towards blacks. Perry responds to Lees criticisms with disbelief and profanity towards Lees comments of his work. As I have stated before, in a broad sense, both Perrys and Lees work is aimed towards black audiences. In a deeper sense though, I believe both are aimed towards a more specific type of black audience. After watching countless Tyler Perry movies, where Madea was the main theme, I would infer that his movies are aimed more toward black women. Since Madea is meant to be a strong and independent black woman, more women can relate to her character compared to men. The greatest criticism that secondary material has for Madeas character is that she is represented as the stereotypical black mamie. These critics believe that that stereotype negatively reflects peoples judgement on the race. Tyler Perry movies as a whole though play more towards black families and people of all ages, including more teenaged young-adults. Maybe its just the humor in Perrys movies, but when I think of a Tyler Perry movie, I think of families watching it together. I trust that Perry knows what sells in terms of entertainment, and if hes able to make those people who support his films to keep coming back with the comedy of his work, then he is accomplishing something decent towards representing a success of celebrating blackness. Spike Lee movies on the other hand, play more towards black males. One movie in particular that I can use as an example, is Lees movie Malcom X, which is a biographical drama about the famous African-American human rights activist, Malcom X. I realize that black women may be interested in Lees movie just as much black men, but in general, black men are more intrigued as the audience. Spike Lee movies are also meant for a more independent and an adult black audience compared to Perry films. I say this because I think of Lees movies to be more mature and deeper in context with his screenwriting. In general, Perry creates movies that are comedies, whereas Lee creates movies that are dramas. As the audicene of the movie, its important to remember that a movie is more than just sitting down and watching it for a couple hours, but rather that the film-makers (Perry and Lee), have purpose behind the films that theyve created and also that theyre attempting to accomplish something within their work. Both film-makers are attempting to celebrate blackness within their films. I say this because both Perry and Lee make films that are aimed toward black culture and the influence that the black race can watch and relate with. Movie Overview - Collateral EssayAnother topic we discussed on Lees film was the issue of sexism in the movie and the opinions of if it were demonstrated throughout the story. Being a woman myself, I believe sexism was an underlying topic in this particular film. The movie seemed that the male was the dominant force and that the young-women were the accessory to the young men. An example of where it was obvious was after the boys party, one of the female characters asked if they should clean up the house just like they always do for the males. It brought me back to the past discussion of feminism and how women are assumed to being beneath a male. Cobb and Jackson criticized Lee in Fight the Power! The Spike Lee Reader, by calling Lee an auteur. Auteur: a film director whose personal influence and artistic control over his films are so great that he may be regarded as their author ? (Cobb and Jackson). Another criticism that Cobb and Jackson had against Lee was that his films are recognized for their explicit sexuality and sexism ? (Cobb and Jackson). An example from School Daze was the particular scene where the female character licked down the male characters hair; which demonstrated branding within the greek-life and sexism against women. Another critic, Lubiano, had in his article: Compared to What was Lees presence can overshadow, or make difficult other kinds of politically engaged work. Which I later read that it was particularly a concern of the black cultural production in film-making. Another criticism I liked that Lubiano mentioned was Lee sees his cultural mission as being a voice for the real ? (Lubiano). I inferred that Lubiano meant exactly what I was thinking as I was criticizing Lees films myself. What I mean by that is how I feel that Lee has a very arrogant complex when creating his movies because he feels that there is only his opinion of blackness, which is to be powerful, deep, and almost masculine. What I believe Lees idealogical stance is after viewing School Daze is that audiences of both genders and all races need to wake up to the larger issue and push away from their own ignorance to be conscious of social justice in the African-American culture. Through critical analysis of these two film-makers, Perry and Lee undoubtedly create influential African-American based films. With Lee creating films that introduce a distinct, historicized, African-American point of view that reference actual historic or contemporary events. Whereas, Perrys films introduce a more comedic and family approach toward an African-American point of view. I stated that I personally enjoy Perrys approach toward film-making more than Lee, but I do also respect Lees approach towards bringing out real-life themes in the black culture. The criticism that I take away from Lees style is the way in which he lets the male characters dominate, and how lack of womens power or influence is depicted. Even though Perrys films seem to stereotype the culture of African-Americans, I believe it still depicts the strength that the race possesses in real life. Madeas character represents someone who is independent, with wisdom, genuine love, and a strong backbone of beliefs that is capable of depicting the race as a whole. I dont believe that Madea only represented the women in the African-American culture, but the males as well. What I believe makes both Perry and Lees visions so different is the background of their upbringings. I believe they were each inspired by their own personal experiences when creating the ideas in their films. Thats not to say that one or the other is right or wrong in the way they represented blackness within their work, but its important to realize the issues and influence theyre attempting to accomplish out to the audience. Works Cited: Als, Hilton. Mamas Gun: The World of Tyler Perry.   The New Yorker, April 26, 2010. Cobb, Jasmine Nichole and John L. Jackson. They Hate Me: Spike Lee, Documentary Filmmaking, and Hollywoods ËÅ"Savage Plot.   In Fight the Power! The Spike Lee Reader, edited by Janice D. Hamlet and Robin R. Means Coleman, 251-72. New York: Peter Lang, 2009. Lubiano, Wahneema. But Compared to What? Reading Realism, Representation, and Essentialism in School Daze, Do the Right Thing, and the Spike Lee Discourse.   In The Spike Lee Reader, edited by Paula J. Massood, 30-57. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008