Groundwater lab report Essay Example

Groundwater lab report Paper Although you are only required to respond to the questions in this worksheet, you are strongly encouraged to answer the other questions from the text on your own; doing so will make answering the required questions easier. Questions are from Conscience Laboratory, 5th De. (up. 213-226), by T. Freeman, 2009, New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Reprinted with permission. Lab Questions 12. 2 (A) How many cubic kilometers of water reside within groundwater? The answer is 8. 4 million cubic kilometers of ground water. 12. 2 (B) How many more times abundant is groundwater than water on land? The answer is 0. 2 times more than that is abundant on land. 8. 4: 0. 2 8. 4/0. 2 = 42 Ground water is xx more abundant 2. 5 So what do you suppose happened when over-pumping of the saturated zone was stopped by that other California state agency? Levels would begin to rise up to a point where the aquifer shell was not damaged from drying out. 12. 6 Can you imagine what happened when the water table rose? Hint: Asphalt and concrete are only so strong. As water levels rise so would the settle landscape above causing the asphalt and concrete to shift and crack from ground pressure. 2. 7 If, for the model in Figure 12. 11, Hal were 506 Ft, h2o were 497 Ft, and I were 50 Ft, what would be the hydraulic gradient (in percent) between well #1 and well #2? Answer: 6 % (506 497)/1 50 = 0. 06 * 100 = 6 % 12. 11 If contaminants were to find their way into groundwater at Acme Industries, in which well would those contaminants be more likely to appear the well at the Smith farmhouse, or the well at the Jones farmhouse? The answer is the second one: Jones farmhouse 12. 18 Which of the six wells in Figure 12. 25 in Chi. 12 should be flowing artesian wells? We will write a custom essay sample on Groundwater lab report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Groundwater lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Groundwater lab report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The answer is the fourth, fifth and the sixth well-portions where there is a lower ground elevation. 12. 9 In Figures 12. AAA and B, two depressions are occupied by water, whereas others are dry. (A) Explain this presence and absence of ponds in these two figures. In figure A, the pond was prevented into diminishing due to the saturated area brought about by the resistant clay in the first pond in figure B, in the other hand, the first opening is a non-resistant type of land and the second opening is a resistant material that can hold water. (B) If the two ponds were perennial (i. . , year-round) ponds, because of intersecting the water table, how would the presence or absence of water in he other depressions differ from that which is shown? Springs are formed either from a destroyed steam, sinkholes, or valleys. Caves are also formed from saturated area of land where a land will sprout and will construct as caves. 12. 20 Judging from what you learned from information in Figure 12. A AA in Chi. 12, how might one seal a leaking stock pond? Hint: Were talking three steps here, with steps #1 and #2 being the draining and restoring of pond water. The first thing that you should do is to drain the water in the pond, then put resistant clay o the bottom of the hole. Once done, you can fill back with water. 12. 21 Examine Figure 12. 22. At a glance, several ponds might be mistaken for stock ponds. However, there is evidence indicating that the large pond at coordinates P-5 is surely a sinkhole. What is that evidence? Hint: The evidence appears in the relationship between the pond and a man-made feature. The answer is that the rock bridge will hold the land and will not permit water to be drained 12. 5 Do water levels in these three lakes (as well as others) appear to be overfed by the vagaries of spotty rainfall and random surface drainage, or do they appear to mark systematic elevations on a water table? Hint: Notice the elevations of the bottoms of dry sinkholes relative to the water levels in ponds. The answer is elevation of water table. Lab Summary Address the following in a 100- to 200-word summary: Summarize the general p rinciples and purpose of the lab. Explain how this lab helped you better understand the topics and concepts addressed this week. Describe what you found challenging about this lab. Describe what you found interesting about this lab. Write your summary here: This lab experiment is provided in order to comprehend the water system in the planet. Even it be a pond, a hole or a lake, one can never really understand the reason why the water ended up there. I also share this same difficulty. But with the aid of this laboratory experiment, I can now comprehend why the water ended in there. Also understand something unless you see it with your own eyes. I realized that there are various materials and information that are interesting to study and to know in these bodies of water.

Rousseaus Thoughts on Women and Education

Rousseau's Thoughts on Women and Education Jean-Jacques Rousseau is considered one of the key Enlightenment philosophers, and his writings reveal that he was concerned with â€Å"equality among men,† but he certainly did not make womens equality his focus. Having lived from 1712 to 1778, Rousseau was a major influence on the intellectual thinking of the 18th century. He inspired the political activism that led to the French Revolution and influenced Kant’s view of ethics, rooting them in human nature. His 1762 treatise Emile, or on Education and his book The Social Contract influenced philosophies about education and politics, respectively. Rousseaus main argument has been summarized as â€Å"man is good but has been corrupted by social institutions.† He also wrote that â€Å"nature has created man happy and good, but society depraves him and makes him miserable. The experiences of women, however, did not inspire this degree of contemplation from Rousseau, who essentially deemed them the weaker sex, content to be dependent upon men. Rousseaus Contradictory Views on Women While Rousseau is often praised for his views on human equality, the reality is that he did not believe women deserved equality. According to Rousseau, women needed to rely on men for their wellbeing because they were less rational than men. He argued that men might have desired women but did not need them to survive, while women both desired men and needed them. In Emile, he writes about the difference between what he believes women and men need in education. Since the main purpose in life, to Rousseau, is for a woman to be a wife and mother, she doesnt need to be educated to the extent that men traditionally have. He argues: â€Å"Once it is demonstrated that man and woman are not, and should not be constituted the same, either in character or in temperament, it follows that they should not have the same education. In following the directions of nature they must act together but they should not do the same things; their duties have a common end, but the duties themselves are different and consequently also the tastes that direct them. After having tried to form the natural man, let us also see, in order not to leave our work incomplete, how the woman is to be formed who suits this man.† Some critics view Emile as evidence that Rousseau thought woman should be subservient to man, while others contended that he was writing ironically. Some have also pointed out the fundamental contradiction in Emile about women and education. In this work, Rousseau suggests that women are responsible for educating the young while arguing that they are incapable of reason. â€Å"The whole education of women ought to be relative to men. To please them, to be useful to them, to make themselves loved and honored by them, to educate them when young... How can women educate anyone, even young children, if they themselves lack reasoning skills? Rousseaus views about women arguably grew more complex with age. In Confessions, which he wrote later in life, he credits several women with helping him gain entrance into the intellectual circles of society. Clearly, smart women had played a role in his own development as a scholar. Mary Wollstonecrafts Case Against Rousseau Mary Wollstonecraft addresses some of the points Rousseau made about women in Vindication of the Rights of Woman and other writings in which she asserts that women are logical and can benefit from education. She questions whether a woman’s purpose is only the pleasure of men. She also directly addresses Rousseau when she writes with great irony of his affection for an uneducated and ignorant servant girl. â€Å"Who ever drew a more exalted female character than Rousseau? Though in the lump he constantly endeavoured to degrade the sex. And why was he thus anxious? Truly to justify to himself the affection which weakness and virtue had made him cherish for that fool Theresa. He could not raise her to the common level of her sex; and therefore he labored to bring woman down to hers. He found her a convenient humble companion, and pride made him determine to find some superiour virtues in the being whom he chose to live with; but did not her conduct during his life, and after his death, clearly show how grossly he was mistaken who called her a celestial innocent.† The Difference Between Men and Women Rousseaus views on women invited criticism, but the scholar himself acknowledged that he had no solid foundation for his arguments about the differences between the sexes. He wasnt sure what biological differences made women and men distinct, calling them one of degree. But these differences, he believed, were enough to suggest that men should be strong and active, and women should be weak and passive. He wrote: If woman is made to please and to be subjugated to man, she ought to make herself pleasing to him rather than to provoke him; her particular strength lies in her charms; by their means she should compel him to discover his own strength and put it to use. The surest art of arousing this strength is to render it necessary by resistance. Thus pride reinforces desire and each triumphs in the others victory. From this originates attack and defense, the boldness of one sex and the timidity of the other and finally the modesty and shame with which nature has armed the weak for the conquest of the strong. The Link Between Opportunity and Female Heroism Before Emile, Rousseau listed the numerous woman heroes whod impacted society. He discusses Zenobia, Dido, Lucretia, Joan of Arc, Cornelia, Arria, Artemisia, Fulvia, Elisabeth, and the Countess of Thà ¶kà ¶ly. The contributions of heroines should not be overlooked. If women had had as great a share as we do in the handling of business, and in the governments of Empires, perhaps they would have pushed Heroism and greatness of courage farther and would have distinguished themselves in greater number. Few of those who have had the good fortune to rule states and command armies have remained in mediocrity; they have almost all distinguished themselves by some brilliant point by which they have deserved our admiration for them†¦. I repeat it, all proportions maintained, women would have been able to give greater examples of greatness of soul and love of virtue and in greater number than men have ever done if our injustice had not despoiled, along with their freedom, all the occasions manifest them to the eyes of the world. Here, Rousseau makes it plain that if given the opportunity to shape society as men had, women could very well change the world. Whatever biological differences between men and women existed, the so-called weaker sex had shown repeatedly that they were capable of greatness.

International Politics- political science 7 Essay

International Politics- political science 7 - Essay Example As more states continue to subscribe to democratic tendencies, I think a general decline in the incidence of war should be expected. There will be more peaceful relations and fewer problems that instigate conditions that culminate into war. If more states could adopt democratic principles, there will certainly be more peace and fewer issues at a global level. Personally, I find Mr. Bushs argument to be not only convincing, but also slightly inexperienced. I completely concur that having more democracies in the world lowers the probability of war, as has been proven throughout history. Nearly every major war so far has been instigated by parties that are administered using conflicting governments and ideas. Of all these countries, hardly any of them have ever been between two democracies. Nonetheless, I do not think that at any point in the near future will there be a shift within the developed countries governments towards democracy. For example, North Korea adopted a governance structure that completely opposes the West in as far as democracy is concerned. If North Korea would somehow adopt a democratic approach, it would serve to alter the power positions that both countries hold. However, these and other factors stand in the gap of adopting democracy at a global level (Leffler, Melvyn, and Jeffrey

Trans Fat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trans Fat - Essay Example It is helpful in creating, firmness, texture, and longer shelf life for many products. Many companies and restaurants in western countries have started using palm oil and coconut oil instead of hydrogenated oils. But in reality, they are only slightly healthier than trans fat. Coconut and palm oils are rich in saturated fat which increases the chances of heart diseases and raises the level of cholesterol in the blood. Former president of the American Heart Association, Robert Eckel, says â€Å"getting rid of trans fat is important because strong evidence indicates that they contribute to higher levels of harmful cholesterol and heart diseases. But the idea that this is the most harmful type of fat is a matter of debate.† (Nanci Hellmich, USA Today). Regarding the readership of this article, it may be written for all those who have some knowledge about the unhealthy diet with a special focus on those who suffer from cardiovascular diseases. People who suffer from obesity, heart diseases and those who exercise some control over diet are, obviously, interested in it. As regards the third question, what kind of appeals would be most appropriate, it can safely be said that by explaining the issue through logic would be most suitable because the targeted groups are adults who are not likely to move by emotions. After taking a stance on trans fats and diet, it is always better to prove the points through well argued views. It might create an impression in the minds of the reader that the author is honest, sincere, confident and. above all, well informed. The reader might also believe that the author understands his concerns and has answered all of them. The next question to be answered is what would be the most appropriate style to wr ite a persuasive article. Generally, there are several styles such as formal, academic, legal and middle styles to write an article. Middle style which uses images and illustrations well-known to the readers are the

Social Performance of National Football League(NFL) Research Paper

Social Performance of National Football League(NFL) - Research Paper Example Finally, in the end, a single elimination game is organized between the group winners of AFC and NFC. This culmination of the two group champions is known as the Super Bowl. The ultimate winner from the Super Bowl is awarded the Vince Lombardi Trophy. Other awards and accolades are given to the coaches and individual players for their exceptional performance that help a team to win. Most of the games are scheduled on the Sunday afternoons to attract more viewers. During the normal season, some games are planned on other week days like Thursdays and Mondays. The corporate structure of NFL is interesting to study. The league office of NFL is not constrained by income tax, as this unincorporated association earns no profit. However, the individual teams are subject to income tax because individually the teams generate profit. So NFL is like a trade association that is financed by its member teams. The league is mainly operated by the commissioner, treasurer and secretary. The conference s are headed by the president. An election is conducted to elect the commissioner and the president (August, n.d.). The prevailing weather condition is one of the key factors that affect the league externally. Sometimes the temperature can go below the normal expected temperature. This may negatively affect the league. Matches may get cancelled due to bad weather conditions, as in an extremely chilly weather it becomes difficult for the players to perform. It is also imperative to enhance the game experience for the fans. Initiatives should be taken by the league committee to conduct the games in indoor stadiums in case of adverse weather conditions. There has to be uniformity in the games so that unfair advantage is not given to any of the teams i.e. indoor facilities should be ensured for every match and not for particular matches as the external environment is vital for the team’s performance. Bad weather

Develop A Knowledge Management Strategy For Nestle Information Technology Essay

Develop A Knowledge Management Strategy For Nestle Information Technology Essay The purpose of this report is to develop a knowledge management strategy for Nestle. Secondary sources of information such as internet, journals and articles were used to find the knowledge gap in the company. The current knowledge management strategy being used has been mentioned, and what the company wants to achieve has also been specifies in the report. The company has several areas that have been criticized due to lack of knowledge transfer in the company and these areas have been identified and recommendations are provided in the report. Background Nestle is known as nutrition, health and wellness company, it is one of the largest food and beverage company in the world and has dominated the food industry since almost 150 years. The Nestle Company was founded in Vevey, Switzerland in the year 1866 by Henri Nestle with the Main aim of producing high quality milk food for babies and is today the worlds leading food and beverage company. The Nestle Company had aimed to build a business as the worlds leading nutrition, health and wellness based on human values and principles. This goal was achieved through various well known brands that come under Nestle. The company has grown significantly and has achieved quite a respect and trust by its consumers in the market. The companys products are growing through innovation while maintaining a balance between geographic activities and product lines. The company prioritizes in producing and distributing the best products to its customers. Objectives The company has certain objectives to the following Business Principles: One of the objectives of Nestle is to make better food for their customers. There is a very clear relationship between the objectives and the company logo. As the company strives to provide there consumers with food that would be safe, of high quality and has optimal nutrition. Nestles corporate objective is to be the worlds largest and best branded food manufacturer, whilst ensuring that the Nestle name is synonymous with products of the highest quality (Nestle Corporate Objective, 2009). It shows that Nestle has already achieved a part of objective that is to be the largest food production company. This objective is related to another objective of Nestle which is the company wants to make sure that the product creates value that can be sustained over the long term for shareholders, employees, consumers, business partners and the national economies in which Nestle operates. Nestle main objective is to follow and respect all applicable local laws in each of its markets. The company aims to be as decentralized as possible within the framework imposed. Nestles objective is to maintain the team work and the levels of organizational culture where networking and communication shall be encouraged. Structure Nestle has over 500 factories in 76 countries, and sells its products in 193 nations. The company employs around 280 000 people and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world. The following is Nestles organizational chart, as of January 2010. This is organizational chart at the Executive Level. Nestle Organization Structure 2010 Nestle Corporation 2010 ©,General Organizational Chart January 2010 Methodology The method of knowledge management approach is Zacks approach proposed by Michael Zack in which he suggests that the framework which helps an organisation make an explicit connection between its competitive situation and a knowledge management strategy to help the organisation maintain or (re-)establish its competitive advantage. (Zack, 1999) This would help to find the link between knowledge and strategy. In this approach, analysis is done with the help of SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) that helps identifying the gaps in an organizations knowledge. This would help the organization to find out where the knowledge which can be used and where can it be used to improve its competitive position. This is achieved by analysing the organisations knowledge position along two dimensions: Exploration vs. Exploitation It refers to the area where the organization needs to improve and develop its knowledge in vs. the opportunity it may have to use the unused knowledge unexploited resources. Internal vs. External Knowledge This refers to if the knowledge is within the organization or outside. Some organisations are more externally-oriented, drawing on publications, universities, consultants, customers, etc. Others are more internally-oriented, building up unique knowledge and experience which is difficult for competitors to imitate. The information collected for the research was done with the help of an employee at Nestle Middle East (UAE) as well as literature review based on secondary resources that were found on the internet, journals, case studies and articles. SWOT Analysis Gap Analysis Strategic Gap Lack of direction in Marketing strategy (Overdiversification)of General Mill (a Nestle based product) which was aggressively marketed by the Nestle group in almost all the sectors. Over diversion led to unclear organizational mission and poor financial result. Prioritize markets and determine competition focus. For instance, the introduction product LC-1(pro biotic yogurt) in the market where pro biotic food was already popular and the consumers knew the health benefits of it such as European countries like Germany and France. Instead the product was introduced in Latin America where there was no much knowledge amongst public. Another issue was the product was introduced as a individual scientific product, which should have been introduced through Nestles Dairy. To develop attack over competitors weaknesses. It is always beneficial to launch a product as first or second movers where Nestle made many mistakes. In case of releasing products, it should make quick move and enter the market as quickly as possible to gain the market share. For example when Nestle released its cereals much later after Kellogs was already ruling the market. Deception and Foreknowledge:Nestles first step should be to educate its consumers about the product to be introduced and its benefits before launching. The education campaign should be backed by scientific support and with example of success from the market situation. To focus on the Right market: The company focuses on it big market such as Americas and European country, whereas it should have a wider focus on emerging markets in Asian countries such as China, Russia and India as they were closed to foreign market in the past because of their political systems. Knowledge Gaps The objective of food being safe is not very clear to management. There were certain failures with regards to the safety of the food products such as the Food contamination of Pet food in 2007 and Tolls Cookie dough food contamination case that took place in 2009. This led to recalling of products from the market Nestle has been alleged of breaking the local law, in case of cutting down of rain forest. This shows lack of External knowledge in the company. The organization has different levels of management and follows a formal culture. Hence there is not much communication between the levels which leads to lack of knowledge sharing within the departments of the company. For instance A few years ago Nestle UK realized the gap of knowledge was the teams of lean experts, there was often a limited lean knowledge base that retained their knowledge within factory management levels. While other managers, such as those in accountancy and engineering, came with a specialist body of knowledge about the fundamentals of their discipline that was gained from their initial professional education and on-going development, the operations and manufacturing managers often did not have the same â€Å"focused† training structure. As a result, many had just not had the opportunity to develop a detailed grounding in modern manufacturing tools, techniques and practices. The company has not been able to achieve its goal with of being a completely decentralized organization where delegating decisions and giving authorities to lower levels are considered. People People are the most important assets in a company. Members at all levels of the organization are concerned to add value to the organization. The company has a Hierarchical culture, where there are a few levels of management but has broad spans of control and is rule based and formal. Hence, communication and cooperation is restricted to the respective level to which the employee belongs to. Process -In an large organization like Nestle, a process is a chain of actions taken before presenting something to customer. It first starts at the Nestle Headquarters in Switzerland, which plays an important role in development of new food product. Experts are invited from all over the world to perform the following steps based on their knowledge: Develop products that are reliable and profitable Develop and process the business model that will support the new product to avoid minimum commercial risk. Researching and analyzing consumer preferences and trends. Launch the product (in a single region at first) and aggressive marketing to build a customer demand. The further process: First, the review of the product from the market is studied. After ensuring that the product is doing well in the market, the brand definition and further development begins. Finally comprehensive market research is carried out for making the final changes with the product Technology Technologies that are currently used by Nestle are the ERP ( Enterprise Resource Planning), it is a computer based system that is used to manage internal and external resources which includes tangible assets, financial resources, materials and human resources. The main purpose of the software is to help the flow of information between all business functions within the organization and also manage connections outside stake holders. Businesses use a large number of softwares and processes and introducing an ERP system which is usually complicated impose some serious changes in the staff work. SAP is the kind of ERP system Nestle uses. In fact, Nestle uses five modules of SAP namely, purchasing, financials, sales and distribution, accounts payable and accounts receivable. SAP systems are used for accessing, distributing and sorting the information. Manugistics Supply Chain system is currently used by Nestle for automating its supply chain operations. Intranet is widely used technology by almost all the organizations in the world. Sharing information amongst different departments is easier with the help of intranet. It is used in Nestle for delivering tools and applications, e.g. collaboration (to facilitate working on groups or teleconferencing) Or corporate directories, sales and CRM tools, project management etc. to improve the productivity. CRM (Customer Relationship Management) Nestle Food service have adopted CRM. It is a tool that is designed to help the customers to get closer to them WANT People: While maintaining the formal culture of the organization networking and communication shoul be encouraged. The organizations structure should be assuring operational speed along with personal responsibilities with higher focus on results. Communication amongst different levels of the organization should be encouraged. Clear levels of responsibility and well defined objectives are a must to know by the companys employees. Process: After the development process, research on the product should be done not only by preference and trends but also by using the previous knowledge and comparing the previous trends and preferences used in the target market. Apart from this, before developing the product the nutritional value should be considered well, as the society today getting more health conscious. The marketing for the product should be prioritized rather than aggressive marketing in areas the product would not be used. Technology: The company is using Manugistics Supply chain system which is limited to work on the Java framework. The technology should be replaced by SAPs supply chain module, APO (Advance Planner and Optimizer). Since the company uses SAPs other modules it would be easier for Nestle to streamline and accelerate the entire development process at the same time support boosting productivity. Recommendations People: Training should be provided to the staff as a new technology is introduced by Nestles learning and sharing program. A program called manufacturing improvement techniques program (MITP) provided by Smallpeice Enterprises should be introduced to train the managers. This kind of program basically consists of softer management issues of change, how to handle resistance to change, planning and running projects, leadership, and team building and communication skills. This would help Nestle becoming a learning organization and would provide its staff the confidence to deal with the changes in technology taking place. The course would also help improve the culture of the company, teamwork and high performance by the staff. Moreover, companies who have trained there staff with MITP course has seen significant and a wide development in the Knowledge sector of their respective companies such as IBM. Open communication and active cooperation must be encouraged where everyone in the department at any level would get a chance to contribute their suggestions and views to improve and enhance the company also result in personal development. Along with this it would lead to knowledge transfer. Enforce regular sharing views via blogs for the employees to stay connected and give their opinions about the technology introduced. Solutions and experiences based on the problems or changes in the organization posted on the intranets for the employees to view at any time they want in need. Process As the product development process starts in the organization, previous tacit and explicit knowledge should be used. As well as, external knowledge shall be well processed before the development of the product. Research should be carried out about the customer demands, also the region where the product is to be launched; their cultural value should also be studied. It is necessary to understand the target market before developing the product. The nutritional value of the product should also be considered at the time of research, otherwise the product might fail because of its low nutritional value and quality. Several quality checks should be done using Nestles Quality Assurance program to maintain the image of Nestle before the product is brought to the market. Once the product is developed and is ready for distribution in the market, customers must be briefed about the product. Technologies Technologies that should be used for knowledge sharing should be Data repositeries A database warehouse is one large Data Repository of all business related information including all historical data of the business organization implementing the data warehouse. Data warehousing is a complex process of building a data repository in the form of a relational database so that the company can support web or text mining in order to leverage data and transform or aggregate them into useful information. In all cases, organizations use data warehousing to gain a competitive advantage, support for decision making processes through comprehensive data analysis. Some of the key components of data warehousing are Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Data Mining (DM). A content management system(CMS) is a collection of procedures used to manage work flow in a collaborative environment. These procedures can be manual or computer-based. The procedures are designed to: Allow for a large number of people to contribute to and share stored data Control access to data, based on user roles. User roles define what information each user can view or edit Aid in easy storage and retrieval of data Reduce repetitive duplicate input Improve the ease of report writing Improve communication between users

Always Hope :: College Admissions Essays

Always Hope Without hope, we have nothing. I have learned this valuable lesson in dealing with my Mother and Cancer. My Mother passed over on June 4th of this year. Barely three months ago, and yet I still can't believe she is gone. Mom was given two weeks to live after finding out that she had Breast Cancer that had gone too far and was throughout her body. It is a miracle that she lived for 28 months and we thank God for each day. Mom faced death with courage, strength and never gave up hope for a miracle. Her Dr's were amazed each time they saw her, which was on a monthly basis. You couldn't look at her and see a thing wrong with her. She looked strong and robust, outgoing and if she didn't like something she would let you know. But she always had faith that when her time came she would go to meet her Maker and be reunited with her parents and members of the family that had already passed over. Mom had dreams throughout those 28 months of seeing my Grandmother. Speaking with her, in her dream s. And one thing that Nana always told her was to never give up her faith and hope. That without hope we have nothing. I believe that Nana was preparing her for her return to the Lord and to Nana. As I stated before, Mom passed over in June. It was the hardest time in my life. But the decisions that I made, where made in the hope that I was doing the right thing.